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­¶ 243 ´£­n ¥»¤å¥H·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i»P°ÝÃD¬°½×ÂI¡A±q E. Obermiller, H. W. Bailey ¤Î E. H Johnston µ¥¤H¹ï¡mÄ_ ©Ê½×¡n¦Uª©¥»ªº¾ã½s¶}©l¡A±´°Q·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº°_·½¤Î¨ä¤Þ µoªº°ÝÃD¡A¨Ã´N¤é¥»¡B¼Ú¬w¡B¬ü°êµ¥¦a°Ï¤À§O»¡©ú¨ä¹ïªñ¥N ¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªº¼vÅT¡C ­º¥ý¡A´N¤é¥»¾ÇªÌ¤ë½ü½å¶©¡B¤p¤t¤@­¼¹ï Obermiller ½sĶÂä奻¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº§å§P¡A»P¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡B¤¤§ø·ç¶©µ¥¾Ç ªÌ¹ï Johnston ®Õ½s±ë¤å¥»¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº°jÅT¡A¨Ã²­z°ª±T ª½¹D¤§¶°·í®É¦p¨ÓÂþǤ§¤j¦¨¡A§@¬°¤é¥»¦ò¾Ç¬É¹ïªñ¥N¦p¨Ó ÂþǪº½×ÃD¡C¨ä¦¸¡A´N¼Ú¬w¾ÇªÌ E. Frauwallner ªº²Ä¤T¾Ç ¬£»¡¡AD. Seyfort Ruegg ªºÂöǦp¨ÓÂìã¨s¡A¤Î S. K. Hookham ¹ïªñ¥N¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¬ã¨sªºµû½×¡A¥HÁA¸Ñ·í¥N¼Ú¬w¾Ç ¬É¹ï¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n«áÄò¬ã¨sªº±¡§Î¡C±µµÛ¡A«h¬°¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂÃ¾Ç ¬ã¨sªñªpªº±´°Q¡A¥»¬q¤À§O±qªñ¥N¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s·§­z¡B ªñ¥N¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¼vÅT¡B¯d¬ü¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌ¦³Ãö¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s ªº­^¤å¸ê®Æµ¥¡A»¡©ú¨ä¼vÅT»P¦³Ãö°ÝÃDªºµo®i¡C ³Ì«á¡A¥Hªñ¦~¨Óªº·s½×ÃD¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¡]Critical Bud -dhism¡^°Q½×ªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªº¶É¦V»P°ÝÃD¡A¤å¤¤°£¾é¸Ñ ¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº°_·½»P°ÝÃDÂI¤§¥~¡A¨Ã´N¨ä¡u¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q«D ¦ò±Ð¡vªº½×ÂI¡A»P¦p¨ÓÂþǾǪ̹惡¬ÝªkªºµªÅG°µ¤@»¡©ú¡C ¤å¥½¡A«h¥H²»¡¤¤°êªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s»P®i±æ§@¬°µ²»y ¡C ­¶ 244 «e¨¥ ¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¡A¦b·í¥N¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¥i»¡¬O°_¨B¸û±ßªº ¡C±q 1826 ¦~ Eug@ne Burnouf ¥¿¦¡¶Ç¤¶¦ò¾Ç¨ì®õ¦è¶}©l¡A ¡]ª`¢°¡^§Y¦³ 1881 ¦~¤Ú§Q¤å¸t¨å¨ó·| (Pali Text Society) ªº¦¨¥ß¡A¨Ã¶}©l¤Ú§Q­ì¨åªºÂ½Ä¶»P¬ã¨s¡B1897 ¦~ Louis Poussin ¶}©l¤¤Æ[¾Ç¬ã¨s¡B(ª`¢±¡^1898 ¦~ Sylvain L$vi ´MÀò·ì¦÷¨åÄyµ¥¡A¡]ª`¢²¡^¥i»¡¦b 1900 ¦~¤§«e¡A¼Ú ¬w¦ò¾Ç¾ÇªÌ¹ï¦ò±Ð±Ð¸q¤w¦³¬Û·íªº¬ã¨s¡C¡]ª`¢³¡^¤]¦]¬°¦ò ¾Ç¦b¦è¤è¦³¦p¦¹½´«kªºµo®i¡A©l¤Þµo¤é¥»¤Hªºª`·N¡A¬£»º«n ±ø¤å¶¯µ¥¤H¨ì¼Ú¬w¾Ç²ß¦ò¾Ç¡A¶i¦Ó«P¦¨ªF¦è¤è¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¶i¤J ·sªº¬ö¤¸¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦Ü¦¹¦p¨ÓÂþǩ|¤£¬°·í®É¦ò¾ÇªÌ©Òª`·N! ____________________________________________________ 1 E. Burnouf et Chr. Lassen, Essai sur le Pali ou langue sacrŠe de la presqu'iile au del& du Gange, Paris, 1826. ¾Ç¬É³q±`¥H¦¹½g±´°Q¤Ú§Q¤å¬ã¨sªº¤å³¹§@¬°·í¥N¦è¤è¦ò¾Ç ¬ã¨sªºÀÝÂÒ¡A°£¤F¤Ú§Q¤å¥~¡ABurnouf ¤]­P¤O©ó±ë¤åªº¬ã ¨s¡A¨ÃĶ¦³¡m§®ªk½¬µØ¸g¡n¡B¡m¤p«~¯ë­Y¡nµ¥¤j­¼¸g¨å¡C ¦¹¥~¡A¥L¤S½sµÛ¡m¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥v·§»¡¡n Introduction   l'‚tude du Buddhisme indien, Paris, 1844¡C¥iª¾·í®É ªº¾ÇªÌ°£¤Ú§Q¤åÄm¥~¡A©ó¤j­¼¦ò¾Ç¤]¦³¯AÂy¡B¨Ã¹ï¦L«×¦ò ±Ð¥v¤§¤À¨t»P¶Ç©Ó¤]À³¦³©ÒÁA¸Ñ¡C 2 Louis Poussin, "Caturaaryasatyaparik.saa", M$langes Charles de Hartez, 1897, p. 313-320. ±q 1987 ¦~°_¥L¥Xª©¤F´X½g¤ëºÙ (Candrakiirti) ©Ò³y¡m ²b©ú¥y½×¡n (Prasannpadaa) ¤ÎÂäå¡m¤J¤¤½×¡n (Mahdyamakaavataara) ªº®Õ­q¥»»Pµù¸Ñ¡A½T¥ß¥L¬ã¨s¤¤ Æ[¾Çªº¦a¦ì¡C 3 Sylvain L‚vi, Mahaayaanasuutraalamkaara, Expos‚ de la doctrine du Grand Vehicule selon le systeme Yogaacaa ra, Paris, (Tome I) 1907, (Tome II) 1911. 1898 ¦~¥L¦b¥§ªyº¸´MÀòµLµÛ (Asavga) ªº¡m¤j­¼²øÄY¸g ½×¡n (Mahaayaanasuutraala^mkaara), ¨Ã©ó 1911 ¦~±N ¤§Â½Ä¶¥Xª©¡A¦¹À³¬°³Ì¦­¥X®Ñªº·ì¦÷¦æ¬£¨åÄy¡Cºò±µµÛ©ó 1922 ¦~¥L¤S¦b¥§ªyº¸µo²{¥@¿Ë (Vasubandhu) ªº¡m°ßÃÑ ¤G¤Q½×¡n (Vi^m'satikaa) ¤Î¡m°ßÃѤT¤Q¹|¡n (Tri^m'si -ka)¡A§ó´£¤É¤F¾ÇªÌ¹ï·ì¦÷¦æ¬£ªºÁA¸Ñ»P¬ã¨s¿³½ì¡C 4 Ãö©ó¦è¤è¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌªº¸ê®Æ½Ð°Ñ¾\ J. W. de Jong, "A Brief History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America", Eastern Buddhist, vol. 7 No. 1-2, 1974. ©Î¦¬¶°¦¨¥Uªº A Brief History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1987. ¤¤¤åĶ¥»¡GÀNÃü±âĶ¡A¡m¼Ú¬ü¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¤p¥v¡n¡A­»´ä¡G¦ò ±Ðªk¦í¾Ç·|¡A1983¡C¥t¥~¥ç¥i°Ñ¦Ò¡G¾Gª÷¼w¡A¡m¼Ú¬üªº¦ò ±Ð¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¤ÑµØ¡A1984¡CWilliam Peiris, The Western Contribution to Buddhism , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass, 1973. ¡]¤¤¤åĶ¥»¡G±ö°i¤åĶ¡A¡q¦è¬v¦ò ±Ð¾ÇªÌ¶Ç¡r¡A¡m¥@¬É¦ò¾Ç¦WµÛĶÂO 84 ¡n¡A»O¥_¡GµØ¦t¡A 1977 ¡C¡^ ­¶ 245 ¤@¡B·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǰ_·½»P¤Þµoªº°ÝÃD ª½¨ì 1931 ¦~ E. Obermiller ¨ÌÂäå¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n (Uttaratantra) ©Ò½sµÛªº­^¤åĶ¥» The Sublime Science of the Great Vehicle to Salvation--Being a Manual of Buddhist Monism, the Work of AArya Maitreya with a Commentary by AAryaasanga ¤@®Ñ°Ý¥@¡A¡]ª`¢´¡^¤Î H. W. Bailey »P E. H. Johnsoton µo²{±ë¤å´Ý¨÷¡A¡]ª`¢µ¡^¨Ã±N ¤§¾ã²z¥Xª©¡A©l¶}±Ò·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤§ªù¡C¤µ¥H¤U­z¤TÂI °Q½×·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº°_·½¡G (¤@) E. Obermiller­^ĶÂäå¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n ±q Obermiller ­^Ķ¥»ªº¤¾ªø®Ñ¦W¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¬Ý¥X¡A¥L ¬O¨Ì¶Ç©Ó¦ò±Ð·ì¦÷¦æ¬£ (Buddhist Monism) ¡]ª`¢¶¡^ªºÂà ¤å¥»¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n (Uttaratantra) §@Ķµù¡A¥»®Ñ¨ÌµÐ´£»P¨­ Âà²M²b¡B¦p¨Ó¥\¼w¡B¦ò·~¤Î«H¥\¼wµ¥¤è­±¸Ñ»¡¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¡C ¡]ª`¢·¡^±q¨ä¤å³¹¥iª¾¡A¥L¨Ã¨S¦³¯S§O´£¥X¡u¦p¨ÓÂþǡvªº »¡ªk¡A¦Ó¬O«ö·ÓÂöǦò±Ðªº¤è¦¡¤¶²Ð¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¡A¡]ª`¢¸¡^ ¨Ã±N¤§ÂkÃþ©óÀ±°Ç (Maitre ya) »PµLµÛ (Asavga) ·ì¦÷¦æ ¬£ªº ____________________________________________________ 5 E. Obermiller, "The Sublime Science of the Great Vehicle to Salvation -- Being a Manual of Buddhist Monism, the Work of AArya Maitreya with a Commentary by AAryaasanga", Acta Orientalia, IX, 1931, p.81-306. 6 H. W. Bailey & E. H. Johnston, "A Fragment of the Uttaratantra, in Sanskrit", Bulletin S.O.S. vol. VIII, part 1, 1935, p. 77-89. 7 ¦­´Áªº­^¤å¤å³¹±`¥H Monism ©Î Idealism §@¬°¦ò±Ð·ì¦÷ ¦æ¬£ªºÄ¶¦W¡A¨Ã¤£¬O«Ü«ê·íªºÄ¶ªk¡A¦]¬°¦¹ºØĶ¦W¸û·|¾É ¦V¤@¤¸½×ªº»¡ªk¡C 8 ¦]¥»®Ñ¥i»¡¬Oªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǤ§©l¯ª¡A¬G±N¨ä¥Ø¦¸Ä¶¿ý©ó¤U ¡A¥H«KŪªÌ°Ñ¦Ò¡C¥þ®Ñ¤À¬°: Introduction ¡]²¤¶¡^ I. The Contents of the Work¡]¥»¤å¥Ø¿ý¡^ II. Enlightenment and the Absolute free from Defilement ¡]µÐ´£»P¨­Âà²M²b¡^ III.The Properties of the Buddha ¡]¦p¨Ó¥\¼w¡^ IV. The Acts of the Buddha ¡]¦ò·~¡^ V. The Merits of Founding one's Belief in the Doctrine of the essence of Buddhahood ±N¤§¤ñ¹ï±ë¤å¥»¡Bº~Ķ¥»¡A¬Æ©ÎÂÃĶ¥»¡AŪªÌ§Y¥i¬Ý¥X¨ä ½Ķ¤§Â²²¤¡C 9 ¦L«×¦ò±Ð»PÂöǦò±Ð³£»{¬°¤j­¼¥u¦³¤¤Æ[¡B·ì¦÷¨â¤j¶Ç©Ó ¦Ó¤w¡C ­¶ 246 ¶Ç©Ó¡C¡]ª`¢°¢¯¡^¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¦¹®Ñ¬° Obermiller ¨Ì¨ä¦bÂÃ¶Ç ¦x°|©Ò¾ÇÂäå¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nĶ¥» ('Saastra) ¤ÎµLµÛªºµù²¨ (Vyaakhyaa) ¬°¥D¡A¨Ã°Ñ·Ó Rgyal tshab Darma rin chen (1364-1423) ªºµùÄÀ¡A¡]ª`¢°¢°¡^±N¤§¥H­^¤å½sĶ¥Xª©¡A¨Ã «DÄYÂÔªº¤@¦r¤@¦r¹ïŪ»P½Ķ¡C (¤G) H. W. Bailey »P E. H. Johnston µo²{¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n ±ë¤åÂ_¤ù 1935 ¦~ H. W. Bailey »P E. H. Johnston ¦b¤¤¨È²Ó ¨Èµo²{¤F¤Þ¥Î³¡¥÷¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº±ë¤åÂ_¤ù¡A¡]ª`¢°¢±¡^¥Ñ©ó ¦³±ë¤å´Ý¨÷¥i»PÂä奻¤ñ¹ï¡A¦]¦Ó¤Þµo¤F¾ÇªÌ¹ï¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n ªº¬ã¨s¿³½ì¡C (¤T) E. H. Johnston ®Õ­qªº¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n±ë¤å¼g¥» ¡@¡@ ³Ì­«­nªº¬O 1935 ¦~ Raahula Saa.mkrrtyaayana ©óÂà ¶Ç¦x°|µo²{¤F¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº±ë¤å¼g¥»¡C¡]ª`¢°¢²¡^¦¹¼g¥»¥Ñ Johnston ©ó 1940 ¦~®Õ­q§¹¦¨¡A¦ý¦]¾Ôª§¤Î¨ä¥L½t¬G¡Aª½ ¨ì 1950 ¦~ Johnston ©¹¥Í«á¡A¤~¥H The Ratnagotravibhaaga Mahaayaanottaratantra'saastra ¤@ ¦W¥Xª©¡C¡]ª`¢°¢³¡^¦¹®Ñªº¤º®e¨Ì¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n­ì¤å¤À¬°¦p ____________________________________________________ 10 ÂöǦò±Ð»{¬°¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº½×¥»ÔU¡m¤j­¼³Ì¤W¯µ¸q½×¡n Theg pa chen po rgyud bla mahi bstan bcos (Mahaayaanottaratantra'saastra ) ¬°À±°Ç (Maitreya) ©Ò³y¡A¦Ó¡m¤j­¼³Ì¤W¯µ¸q½×²¨¡n Theg pa chen po rgyud bla mahi bstan bcos rnam par bwad pa (Mahaayaanottaratantra'saastra vyaakhyaa )¬° µLµÛ (Asavga) ³y¡A¦¹»Pº~Ķ¥»ªº»¡ªk¤£¦P¡C 11 Theg pa che po rgyud bla ma.hi.tiikaa ¡m¤j­¼³Ì¤W ¯µ¸q½×ÄÀ¡n¡A¦¹¬° Darma rin chin (¹Fº¿¤¯´Ü )¹ï¡m Ä_©Ê½×¡nªºµùÄÀ¡A¦]¬°¥L¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·QªºªÅ©Ê¸àÄÀ¦³¸û §¹¾ãªº°Q½×¡A©Ò¥H¦¹®Ñ¥i»¡¬Oªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪ̪º­«­n°Ñ ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡C 12 ¦Pµù 6¡C¦b¦¹¤§«e¦è¤è¾ÇªÌ¥u¯à¥HÂäåĶ¥»©Î­^¤åĶ¥» ²z¸Ñ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¡C 13 Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Society XXI, p. 31; XXIII p.34, 1936. ¦¹¼g¥»¤£¦P©óµù 6 ±ë¤åÂ_¤ù ¤£»ô¥þªº¸ê®Æ¡A±q¦¹¦³¤F¸û§¹¾ãªº±ë¤å¥»¡C 14 E. H. Johnston & T. Chowdhury, The Ratnagotravibhaaga Mahaayaanottaratantra'saastra , Patna: the Bihar Research Society, 1950. ¨ä§U¤â Dr. T. Chowdhury Ä~©Ó Johnston ªº§Ó·~¡A¤Q ¦~«á±N¥»®Ñ¥[¤W¯Á¤Þ¡B­«·s®Õ¹ï¡B½s¿è¥Xª©¡A¨Ã¥B¼g¤F ¤@½g«e¨¥»¡¡y«Ü¿ò¾Ñ­ì½sµÛªÌ (Johnston) ¤£¯à¿Ë²´¬Ý ¨ì¥»®Ñªº¥Xª©... ¡zµ¥»y¡C¦¹¹ê¬°¤@¾Ñ¨Æ¡A¦]¬°¥»®Ñªº ¥Xª©¨Ï±o¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¦³¤F·sªº¤åÄm¡A¤]¥i¥H»¡¦¹±ë¤å ¥»ªº¥Xª©¡A¬°«P¦¨·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªº­«­n¦]¯À¡A Johnston ¥\¤£¥i¨S¡C¸Ô±¡½Ð¾\¥H¤U¦U³¹¸`¡C ­¶ 247 ¨ÓÂäÀ¡BµÐ´£¤À¡B¥\¼w¤À¡B¦ò·~¤À¤ÎºÙÆg¤Àµ¥¤­«~¡C¡]ª`¢° ¢´¡^ ¦¹¤åÄmªº¥X¤g¡A¨Ï±o¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¦³¸û§¹¾ãªº±ë¤å¸ê ®Æ¡A¡]ª`¢°¢µ¡^¤]¦]¦¹¶}®i¥X¤£¦PÆ[ÂIªº½×¾Ô¡CÄ´¦p±q Johnston »P Obermiller ¨â¥»Ä¶¤å¦WºÙ¡A¥i¬Ý¥X«eªÌ±ë¤å ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nĶ¥»Æ[ÂI¡A»P Obermiller Âäå¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nĶ¥» Æ[ÂIªº®t²§¡C¤£¦P©ó Obermiller ¨ÌÂäå¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nĶ¥» Uttaratantra ¤§¡u³Ì¤W¯µ¸q¡v¡AJohnston §¹¥þ¨Ì·Ó±ë¤å Ratnagotravibhaaga Mahaayaanottaratantra 'saastra ªº¡uÄ_©Ê¤À§O¤j­¼³Ì¤W¯µ¸q½×¡v¨ú¦W¡Aº~Ķ¥»«h¥H Ratnagotra ¡uÄ_©Ê¡v¸q©R¦W¡C¥Ñ¹ï¦P¤@¥»½×¨åªº¤£¦P©R¦W ¡A¥i¬Ý¥X¨äª§Ä³ÂI -- º~¤åµÛ­«©ó Gotra ¡]ºØ©Ê¡^¡BÂÃ¤å µÛ­«©ó Tantra ¡]¥Ñ " ¯¦±K¥»Äò " ¤Þ¥Ó¬° " ¯µ¸q "¡^¡A ¡]ª`¢°¢¶¡^¦]¸àÄÀ»PµÛ­«ÂIªº®t²§¡A¦Ó±È°_¤F©¹«á¦p¨ÓÂà ¾Ç¬ã¨s»P½×¾Ô¤§´v¡C ____________________________________________________ 15 Johnston ¨Ì¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n±N¥»¤å¤À¬°¡G Tathaagatagarb haadhikaara, Bodhyaadhikaara, Gu.naadhikaara, Tathaagatakrrtyakriyaadhikaara and Anu'sa.msaadh -ikaara ¤­³¡¥÷¡C¡]¥ç§Y¦p¨ÓÂäÀ¡BµÐ´£¤À¡B¥\¼w¤À¡B ¦ò·~¤À¤ÎºÙÆg¤Àµ¥¤­«~¡^¡C¤£¦P©óº~Ķ¥»¤À¬°¤Q¤@«~¡] ´°¤Æ«~¡B¦òÄ_«~¡BªkÄ_«~¡B¹¬Ä_«~¡B¤@¤Á²³¥Í¦³¦p¨ÓÂà «~¡BµL¶q·Ð´o©ÒÄñ«~¡B¬°¦ó¸q»¡«~¡B¨­Âà²M²b¦¨µÐ´£«~ ¡B¦p¨Ó¥\¼w«~¡B¦ÛµM¤£¥ð®§¦ò·~«~¤Î®Õ¶q«H¥\¼w«~¡^ªº Ķªk¡C 16 Johnston ©Ò¾ã²zªº¤åÄm¬°¤Q¥@¬öªº 'Saradaa ¦rÅé¤Î ¤Q¤@¥@¬öªº Nepali ¦rÅé¡A¨Ã°Ñ·Óº~Ķ¥»¡BÂÃĶ¥»¡A­^ Ķ¥»¦Ó¥Xª©¤§¡C 17 ÁöµMĶ¦W¤£¦P¡A¦ý²ßºD¤W¥»¤å¬Ò¥Hº~Ķ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n³qºÙ ¤§¡Cº~Ķ¡yÄ_©Ê¡z¤D¬O¨ú±ë¤å«e­±ªº¦r Ratnagotra¡A ÂÃĶ«h¬O¨ú«á­±ªº¦r Uttaratantra ¤§¡y³Ì¤W¯µ¸q¡z¡A ¦Ó±ë¤å¥þ¦W«h¬°¡yÄ_©Ê¤À§O¤j­¼³Ì¤W¯µ¸q½×¡z¤§ Ratna -gotravibhaaga Mahaayaanottaratantra 'saastra ¡C ¥H±ë¤å­ì¦W¤§½Æ¦Xµü¡A¥h¨ä­×¹¢µü Ratna ¡]¬ÃÄ_¡^ ¤Î Uttara ¡]³Ì¤W¡^«h¥i¬Ý¥X¡A¨äµÛ­«ÂI¤§¤£¦P¡C ¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¡A¦]¸àÄÀ»PµÛ­«ÂI¤£¦P¡A¦Ó©R¦W«h¦³²§¡C ¤µªí¥Ü¦p¤U¡G ¡]±ë¤å¡^ Ratnagotravibhaaga Mahaayaanottaratantra ¡õ ¡õ Ratna-gotra Uttara-tantra ¡]º~Ķ¡^ ¡]ÂÃĶ¡^ ¡õ ¡õ Gotra Tantra ºØ©Ê ¯µ¸q ­¶ 248 ¥Ñ©ó¤W­z¤T­Ó¤åÄmªºµo²{»P¥Xª©¡A¡]ª`¢°¢·¡^À±¸É¤F¦­ ´Á¦è¤è¤j­¼¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨sªº¯Ê¥¢¡A¤]¶}±Ò¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¡C¦]¦¹ ¡A±q Obermiller ²Ä¤@¥»¬ÛÃö®ÑÄy¥Xª©¤§«á¡A¦p¨ÓÂþǧY¯d ¤U¤@¨Ç°ÝÃD«Ý«á¥@¾ÇªÌ¸Ñ¨M¡G 1. ¦p¨ÓÂæb¦ò±Ðªº¦a¦ì¬°¦ó ¡S¡]¦­´Á¬O§_¦³¿W¥ßªº¦p¨ÓÂà »¡¡H¡^ 2. ¦UºØª©¥»ªº°ÝÃD ¡S¡]°£ÂÃĶ¥»¥~¡AÁÙ¦³º~Ķ¥»»P±ë¤å­ì ¨å¤Î¨ä¥L°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡C¡^ 3. ½Ķªº¤èªk¬°¦ó ¡S¡]¦p½Ķ¹ïŪªºªí¹F¤è¦¡¡A»P°Ñ¦Ò¤å ÄmªºÀ³¥Îµ¥¡C¡^ 4. ¦p¨ÓÂþǰ£¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¥~¡AÁÙ¦³­þ¨Ç¸g½×¥i¨Ñ¬ã¨s¡S 5. ¦p¨ÓÂìO§_¬°¬YºØ©Ê½èªº¦³§Ú½×¡S©Î©Ò¿×ªº¤@¤¸½×¡S 6. ¦p¨ÓÂþǻP·ì¦÷¦æ¬£ªºÃö«Y¦p¦ó? 7. ¦p¨ÓÂþǹïªÅ©Êªº¸àÄÀ¬°¦ó¡H 8. ªñ¥N¾Ç¤H¹ï¦p¨ÓÂ꺧å§P¬°¦ó¡S Á`¤§¡A¦ó¿×¡u¦p¨ÓÂþǡvµ¥°ÝÃD¡A¦¨¬°·í¥N¦ò¾ÇªÌ©ÒÃö ¤ßªº½×ÃD¡C¥H¤U¦U³¹¸`¡A±N¤À§O¤¶²Ðªñ¥N¾Ç¤H¦p¦ó¹B¥Î¨ä´¼ ¼z¸Ñ¨M»P­±¹ï³o¨Ç½ÒÃD¡C ¤G¡B¤é¥»¾Ç¬É¹ïObermiller»PJohnstonªº¤ÏÀ³»P°jÅT (¤@) ¤ë½ü½å¶©¡B¦t¤«§B¹Ø¹ïObermillerªº¤ÏÀ³ ±q«e¤å¥i¬Ý¥X Obermiller ¹ï¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº¸ÑŪ»PºA«× ¡A§¹¥þ¬O°ò©óÂöǦò±Ðªº²z¸Ñ¡A¥B¨äª½Ä¶¦¡ªº­^¤åĶ¥»¦³³\ ¦h­È±o°Óºeªº¦a¤è¡A¬O¥Hªø´Á¨ü¥_¶Ç¦ò±Ð¼vÅTªº¤é¥»¡A·í¤£ ¯à±µ¨ü Obermiller ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¸Ñ»¡¦p¨ÓÂáC¦]¦¹¡A©ó 1936 ¦~´N¦³¤é¤H¤ë½ü½å¶©¡q¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½×ÇR´NÇM¡r¤@¤åªº¦^À³ ¡A¡]ª`¢°¢¸¡^¥L­É¥Î ____________________________________________________ 18 H.S. Prasad ed., The Uttaratantra of Maitreya, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1991. ©ó 1991 ¦~ Prasad ±N Obermillier »P Johnston ¤G¤åÄm¨Ì­ì ¥X³B­¶½X½s¿è¦¨¤@¥U¡A«D±`¤è«K²{¥N¾Ç¤H¨Ï¥Î¡C 19 ¤ë½ü½å¶©¡A¡q¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½×ÇR´NÇM¡r¡A¡m¤é¥»¦ò±Ð¾Ç ¨ó·|¦~³ø¡n¡A²Ä¤C¦~¡A1936¡A­¶ 121-139¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤ë½ü ½å¶©¦b³o¤§«e¡A©ó 1930 ¦~´N¦³¡q±`½L¤j©w¤óÇU¡m¦ò©Ê ÇU¬ã¨s¡nÆðŪÇfÇM¡r¡A¡mÀs¤j½×ÂO¡n 295¡A¤@¤å¹ï¦ò©Ê ªº±´°Q¡C±q¸ê®ÆÅã¥Ü¡A¥iª¾±`½L¤j©w ­¶ 249 Obermiller ªºÂäå¸ê®Æ¡A¹ï¤¤°ê¦ò±Ðªº¶Ç©Ó°ÝÃD¦A§@ÀË°Q ¡A¤å¤¤¨Ã´£¥X¡m¦ò©Ê½×¡n¡B¡mµL¤W¨Ì¸g¡n»P¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nÃþ¦ü ªº½×ÂI¡A¡]ª`¢±¢¯¡^¦¹¤å¶}±Ò¤F¤é¥»ªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤§¾÷ ¡C°£¤F¤ë½ü¤§¥~¡A¦t¤«§B¹Ø¤]¦³±MµÛ¤Ï»é¤§¡C ¦t¤«§B¹Ø¹ï Obermiller ¨ÌÂöǡA±N¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nÂkÄÝ©ó ·ì¦÷¾Ç¬£ªº¬Ýªk¡A«ù¦³¤£¦PªºÆ[ÂI¡C¦]¦¹¥L¥D±i­n¨Ì¤¤°ê¶Ç ©Ó§@¬°¥¿²Î¡A´N¤j­¼¦ò¨å¦p¡m¯Iºn¸g¡n¡B¡m³Óö¥¸g¡n¡B¡m·« ¦÷¸g¡n»P¡m¤j­¼°_«H½×¡nµ¥´£¥X°Q½×¡A¡]ª`¢±¢°¡^¨Ã¹ï¡mÄ_ ©Ê½×¡n§@§ó²`¤Jªº¬ã¨s¡C¡]ª`¢±¢±¡^ ¦¹¥~¡A¤é¥»©|¦³¼Æ¦ì¾ÇªÌ¬°¤å¤ÏÅG¤§¡A¦p¡G±æ¤ë«H¦ë©ó 1933 ¦~§YµÛ¦³¡q¦p¨ÓÂû¡ÇU°_­ì (·½ )¤ÎÇZµo¹F¡r¡A¸Ó¤å ´N¥_¶Ç¦ò±Ðªº»{ÃÑ¡A¹ï¦p¨ÓÂþǪº°_·½°µ¤@¸Ñ»¡¡C¤s¤f¯q©ó 1951 ¦~¦b¡m¯ë­Y«ä·Q¥v¡n¤¤¥ç¦³¤@±M³¹°Q½×¡u¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q ¡v¡A°w¹ï Obermiller ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªºÂöǶǩӻP¤¤°ê¶Ç©Óªº ¬Ýªk¡A¦³©Òªí¥Ü¡C¦P¦~¡A³Ó¤S«T±Ðªº¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇUµo¹FÇR ´NÇMÇU¤@¦Ò¹î¡r¡A¹ï·í®É¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i¥v¦³¤@²¼äªº¤¶²Ð ¡A¦¹¤å¹ïÁA¸Ñ¸Ó¬q®É¶¡ªº¬ã¨s±¡ªp¦³©Ò§U¯q¡C¡]ª`¢±¢²¡^¥Ñ Obermiller ªº¤@½g¤å³¹§Y¦³¦p¦¹¼öµ¸ªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¤Î¦Ü Johnston ªº¤åÄm¥X²{«á¡A°Q½×±¡ªp¤§¼öµ¸·í¥i¹wª¾¤F¡C ____________________________________________________ ¦­¦b 1930 ¦~´N¦³¡m¦ò©ÊÇU¬ã¨s¡n¤§¥Xª©¡A¦¹®Ñ¨Ì¾Úº~ Ķ¨åÄy¡A¹ï¦L«×¡B¤¤°ê¡B¤é¥»ªº¦ò©Ê±Ð¸q¡A¦³¾ãÅé©Êªº ½×­z¡A¬O«Ü¦nªº·§½×®ÑÄy¡C¥iª¾ªF¤è¨Ìº~Ķ¸ê®Æ¡A´N¥i §@¥X¬Û·í¦nªº¬ã¨s¡A¥u¬O©|¥¼¨ü¨ì·í®É¦è¤è¾ÇªÌªºª`·N ¡C¬ÛÃö¤åÄm½Ð°Ñ¾\§ù¥¿¥Á¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤p¥v -- ¦p ¨ÓÂþǮѥز¤¶»P¾ÉŪ¡]¤U¡^¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¹Ï®ÑÀ]À]°T¡n ¡A²Ä 12 ´Á¡A1997¡A­¶ 37¡C 20 ³o¬OªF¤è¾ÇªÌ¯à¹B¥Îº~¤åÂøgªº¤@¤jÀu¶Õ¡C¤é¥»ªº¾ÇªÌ °ò©ó¨ä¹ïº~Ķ¦ò¨åªº²z¸Ñ¡A¤Î¹ï¦è¤è¦ò¾Ç¤èªkªº´x´¤¡A ¤~¯à¾A®Éªº´£¥X¤Ï»é¤å³¹¡C 21 ¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡A¡m¦L«×­õ¾Ç¥v¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G©¥ªi®Ñ©±¡A1932¡C 22 ¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡A¡mÄ_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n¡]²Ä¤@³¡¥÷¡^¡AªF¨Ê¡G©¥ªi ®Ñ©±¡A 1959¡A­¶ 1-433¡C 23 ±æ¤ë«H¦ë¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂû¡ÇU°_­ì¤ÎÇZµo¹F¡r¡A¡m¤j¥¿¾Ç³ø ¡n 14¡A1933.2¡C¤s¤f¯q¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡r¡A¡m¯ë­Y«ä ·Q¥v¡n²Ä¤»³¹¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1951¡A­¶ 84-125¡C ³Ó¤S«T±Ð¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇUµo¹FÇR´NÇMÇU¤@¦Ò¹î¡r¡A¡m ¦t¤«³Õ¤hÁÙ¾ä¬ö©À½×¤å¶°¡n¡A1951¡A­¶ 143-161¡C ­¶ 250 (¤G) ¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡B¤¤§ø·ç¶©¹ïJohnstonªº°jÅT ª½¨ì 1950 ¦~¡AJohnston ªº±ë¤å¥»¥Xª©¡A¤~¨Ï±o¡mÄ_ ©Ê½×¡nªº¬ã¨s»P°Q½×¦³¤F·sªº¤è¦V¡C¦¹®É¡A¶}©l¦³º~¤å¡BÂà ¤å¤Î±ë¤åªº¹ïŪ¤Î¬ã¨s¡A¨ä¤¤¥H¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡B¤¤§ø·ç¶©ªº¬ã¨s ¸û¬°­«­n¡A¤µÂ²¤¶¦p¤U¡G 1959 ¦~¦t¤«§B¹Ø±N Johnston ªº±ë¤å¥»Ä¶¦¨¤é¤å¡A¨Ã ±N¥H«eµo¦æªº¡m¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n (²Ä¤@³¡ )»P¦¹¡m±ë ¤å¨¹Ä¶Ä_©Ê¤À§O¤j­¼¨s³º­n¸q½×¡n (²Ä¤G³¡ )¡A¦X¿è¦¨¥U¥X ª©¡A¡]ª`¢±¢³¡^´£¨Ñ¤F·í®É¾ÇªÌ·sªº¸ê°T¡C ¦Ó¤¤§ø·ç¶©©ó 1961 ¦~ªº±ëº~¹ï·Ó¤Î 1967 ¦~ªºÂäé¹ï Ķ¤§­ì¨å¡A¡]ª`¢±¢´¡^±N¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº±ë¤å¡Bº~¤å¡BÂäå¡B ­^¤å¡B¤é¤å¥þ³¡¤ñ¹ï¾ã²z¡A´£¨ÑŪªÌ¤@¬Û·í¦n¥Îªº§Q¾¹¡C¦] ³o¨â¦ì¾ÇªÌªº¤åÄm¾ã²z¡A¬°«á¨Óªº¦p¨ÓÂþǪ̾Q³]¤F¤@±ø±d ²ø¤j¹D¡C ¨Ò¦p¡A1969 ¦~¤p¤t¤@­¼¦]¬°¦³¤F·sªº¤ñ¹ï§÷®Æ¡A°w¹ï Obermiler ÂÃĶ¥»ªº¤£¨¬¡A¦Ó¦³¡mÇ~ÇïÇŤj­¼¦ò±ÐÇRÆðÆ÷Çr ¦p¨ÓÂáB¦ò©ÊÇU¬ã¨s¡n¤§´£¥X¡A¡]ª`¢±¢µ¡^¦¹®Ñ¥i»¡¬O°ò©ó Rgyal tshab Darma rin chen (1364-1423) ªºÂÃĶ¤åÄm¤Î ·s¥X¸ê®Æ¡AÄ~Äò Obermiller ªº¬ã¨s¡A¹ïÂöǦp¨ÓÂëä·Q»P ªÅ©ÊªºÃö«Y¡A§@§ó²`¤Jªº±´°Q¡C ____________________________________________________ 24 ¦Pµù 22¡C©ó¡uºü¨¥¡v¤¤¦t¤«¹ï·í®Éªº¬ã¨s±¡ªp¦³¸Ô²Ó ªº¤¶²Ð¡A¬O«Ü¦nªº°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡C 25 ¤¤§ø·ç¶©¡A¡m±ëº~¹ï·Ó¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G ¤s³ß©Ð¡A1961¡C¤¤Ä¶¥»¡G¤¤§ø·ç¶©µÛ¡FÂŦN´I¥D½s¡A¡q ±ëº~¹ï·Ó¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡r¡A¡m¥@¬É¦ò¾Ç¦WµÛĶÂO 76 ¡n¡A¥x¥_¿¤¡GµØ¦t¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1988¡C ¥»®Ñ¥H¦UºØĶ¥»§@¤ñ¸û¡G­º¥ý¡A±qº~Ķ½×¥»ÔU©MÄÀ½×¡B ²§¥»ªº¤À¨÷©M¤À«~¡B'Saastra ©M Vyaakhyaa ªºÃö«Y§@ ¸Ô²Óªº¸Ñ»¡¡A¶i¦Ó¹ï±ë¤å¥»¤Î¨ä¥LĶ¥»§@¤ñ¹ï¡A®Ñ¤¤¡u ±ëÂí^º~¥|ĶÔU¹|¹ï·Óªí¡v¬°­«­nªº°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡C±µµÛ§@ ªÌ¹ï¡u½×¥»ÔU¡vªº«ä·Q­I´º¡B¡uµùÄÀÔU¡vªº®i¶}»P¡u. ÄÀ²¨¡vªº·N¸q§@¸ÔºÉ»¡©ú¡C. §@ªÌ¨Ã¹ï¡mµL¤W¨Ì¸g¡n¡B ¡m¦ò©Ê½×¡n»P¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n§@²³æªº¤ñ¹ï¡C®Ú¾Ú¤W­z¸ê®Æ ¡A³Ì«á¹ï¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº­ì§@ªÌ¡A§@±´°Q»P¬ã¨s¡C¤S¡A¤¤ §ø·ç¶©¡A¡m±ë©M¹ï·Ó¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¹a ¤ì¾Ç³N°]¹Î¡A1967¡C 26 ¤p¤t¤@­¼¡A¡mÇ~ÇïÇŤj­¼¦ò±ÐÇRÆðÆ÷Çr¦p¨ÓÂáB¦ò©ÊÇU ¬ã¨s¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡G¤åºa°ó¡A1969¡C ­¶ 251 (¤T) °ª±Tª½¹D¶°¦p¨ÓÂþǤ§¤j¦¨ °ª±Tª½¹D 1966 ¦~ªº A Study on the Ratnagotravibhaaga ¡]ª`¢±¢¶¡^¤Î 1974 ¦~¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q ÇU§Î¦¨¡GÇ~ÇïÇŤj­¼¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¬ã¨s¡nªº¥Xª©¡A¡]ª`¢±¢·¡^¨Ï ·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s§óÅé¨t¤Æ¡A¦Ó¤£¦A¥u¬O³¡¥÷¤Î¤ù¬qªº¬ã¨s ¡C¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇU§Î¦¨¡n¤@®Ñ¡A¥i»¡¬O¶°·í®É¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¤j ¦¨¡A§@ªÌ©ó®Ñ¤¤¹ï¦p¨ÓÂþǦ³¸û§¹¾ãªº¬ã¨s»P¤¶²Ð¡C °ª±Tª½¹D°£¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·Qªº§Î¦¨¥v¦³¾ãÅ骺¤¶²Ð¤§¥~¡A ¨Ã¥B¹ï¦p¨ÓÂèt¸g¨åªºÄ¶¸g¥v¤]¦³¸Ô²Óªº¸Ñ»¡¡C¥L©ó¡u¦p¨Ó Âýѷ§©Àªº¶}®i¥v¡v¡B¡u¦p¨ÓÂèt¸g½×¨t²Î¹Ï¡v¡B¡u¦p¨ÓÂà ¬ÛÃöªºº~Ķ¸g½×¡v»P¡u¦p¨ÓÂû¡Ãö«Y½Ñ·§©À®i¶}ªí¡v¤¤¡A¥ý ¹ï¦p¨ÓÂþǪº°ò¥»·§©À§@¸Ô²Óªº¸Ñ»¡¡C ±µµÛ¡A¦b¡u¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q«e¥v¡v¡A§@ªÌ¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§Î¦¨ ¤§«eªº¡m¯ë­Y¸g¡n¡B¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¤Î¨ä¥L¸g«~¤¤Ãö©óµÐÂÄ¡B¦p ¨ÓºØ©Ê¡Bªk¨­¡B¦p¨Ó·~¡B¦Û©Ê²M²b¤ßµ¥¬ÛÃö±Ð¸q¦A°µ¸Ô©úªº ¸Ñ»¡¡C¨Ã±q¡m¦p¨ÓÂøg¡n¡B¡m¤£¼W¤£´î¸g¡n¡B¡m³Óö¥¸g¡n¡u ¦p¨ÓÂèt¤T³¡¸g¡v¡A¤Î¡m¥¡±¸Å]ù¸g¡n¡B¡m¤jªk¹ª¸g¡n¡B¡m ¤jÂľB¥§°®¤l©Ò»¡¸g¡nµ¥¡m¯Iºn¸g¡n¨t²Î¥HÁA¸Ñ¡u¦p¨ÓÂûP ¦ò©Ê¡vªº±Ð¸q¡A¶i¦Ó±q¡m¤j¶³¸g¡n¡B¡m¤j­¼¤Qªk¸g¡n²z¸Ñ¡u ¦p¨ÓÂûPºØ©Ê¡v¡C³Ì«á¡A«h±q¡mª÷¥ú©ú¸g¤À§O¤T¨­«~¡n¤Î¡m ³Óö¥¸g¡n¥H²z¸Ñ¡u¦p¨ÓÂûPªü¿à­CÃÑ¡vªºÃö«Y¡A«Ø¥ß¨ä¡u¦p ¨ÓÂëä·Q§Î¦¨¡vªºÅé¨t¡C °£¤F¥»®Ñ¥~¡A¥Ñ°ª±Tª½¹D¥D½sªº¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡n¡A¡]ª` ¢±¢¸¡^¤Î¨ä¥L¦U®Ñ¤]¬O·í ____________________________________________________ 27 Takasaki, Jikido. A Study on the Ratnagotravibha -aga (Uttaratantra): Being a Treatise on the Tathaagatagarbha Theory of Mahaayaana Buddhism. Serie Orientale Roma, no.XXX111, Rome: Istituto Itallano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (IsMEO) , 1966. ¥»½×¤å¥D­n¬O¥H Johnston ªº±ë¤å¥»§@®Ú¾Ú¡A¨Ã°µ°É»~ ªí¡A¥H§ó¥¿ Johnston ¥»ªº¿ù»~¡C¨Ã°Ñ¦ÒÂäå¤Îº~Ķ¨å Äy¡A©Ò¼¶¼gªº¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n­^Ķ¥»½×¤å¡C 28 °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇU§Î¦¨¡GÇ~ÇïÇŤj­¼¦ò±Ð«ä·Q ¬ã¨s¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¬K¬îªÀ¡A(²Ä¤@¨ê¡^¡A1974¡C 29 ¥­¤t¹üµ¥½s¡A¡mÁ¿®y¤j­¼¦ò±Ð 6¡G¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡n¡AªF¨Ê ³£¡G¬K¬îªÀ¡A1982¡C¥»®Ñ¦³¨â¥»¤¤Ä¶¥»¡G 1. °ª±Tª½¹DµÛ¡FÂŦN´I¥D½s¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡r¡A¡m¥@ ¬É¦ò¾Ç¦WµÛĶÂO 68 ¡n¡A¥x¥_¡GµØ¦t¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1988 ¡C 2. §õµYµØ½sµÛ¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂÃÃÑ¡n¡A¥x¥_¿¤¡G±`¬K¾ð¥Xª© ªÀ¡A1990¡C ­¶ 252 ®É­«­nªº°Ñ¦Ò®ÑÄy¡A¡]ª`¢²¢¯¡^Âdzo¨Ç¸ê®Æ¡AÅý¾Ç¬É¹ï·í¥N ¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¦³§ó¶i¤@¨BªºÁA¸Ñ¡C¤jÅé¤W¡A¥L¹B¥Î¤F¤¤°ê ¤Î±ë¡BÂæp¨ÓÂþǸê®Æ¡A¤¶²ÐÂײ±ªº¦p¨ÓÂäåÄm¡A¹ï¦p¨ÓÂà ªº«ä·Q­I´º»P¸g¨åµo®i°µ°ò¦¤¶²Ð¡A¨Ã²¤¶¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº·§ Æ[»P¦p¨ÓÂÃÅé¨t¡A¥B´N¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§Î¦¨ªº¦U­«­n·§©À¤À§O°Q ½×¡A¦p¡u¦p¨ÓÂûPªü¿à­CÃÑ¡vµ¥½×ÃDªº¬ã¨s¡A¡]ª`¢²¢°¡^¥i ¿×¬O´£¨Ñ¤@§¹¾ãªº¦p¨ÓÂþǸê®Æ¡C ÁöµM¡A°ª±Tª½¹D¦b¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i¤¤¡A´£¥X¤F¤@¨Ç«Ü­« ­nªº¬ã¨sªk¡A¦p¤åÄmªº¬ã¨s¡Bª©¥»ªº°É¥¿®Õ­q¡Bª©¥»¤ñ¹ï¡B »y¤åÀ³¥Î¡B¤Î¦Ü±Ð¥v±´°Q¡B«ä·Q­I´º¡B¸g¨å¶}®i¥v¡B±Ð²z¸à ÄÀ¡A¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¼Ðªº»P¬ã¨s¤èªkµ¥¡C ¦ýÀH¨äÂ×´Iªº¸ê®Æ¶q¦Ó¨Óªº¡A«h¬O¤@¨Ç°ÝÃDªº²£¥Í¡AÄ´ ¦p¡A¬ã¨s¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¥Øªº¬°¦ó¡H¦p¨ÓÂþǪº½d³ò¬°¦ó¡H²{¥N ¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¤èªk¬°¦ó¡H¥_¶Ç¦p¨ÓÂþǬ°¦ó¡H¥_¶Ç¦p¨ÓÂà ±Ð¸q¦p¦óµo®i¡S¤Îº~Ķªº­«­n¦p¨ÓÂøg¨å¦³­þ¨Çµ¥°ÝÃD¡A¬Ò ¦¨¬°·í¥N¾ÇªÌ©ÒÃö¤ßªº½dÃ¥¡C ____________________________________________________ 30 °ª±Tª½¹D¥D­nµÛ§@¤@Äæªí¡G Takasaki, Jikido. A Study on the Ratnagotravibha -aga (Uttaratantra): Being a Treatise on the Tathaagatagarbha Theory of Mahaayaana Buddh -ism. Serie Orientale Roma, no.XXX111, Rome: Istituto Itallano per il Medio ed Estr -emo Oriente(IsMEO), 1966¡C ¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇU§Î¦¨¡GÇ~ÇïÇŤj­¼¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¬ã¨s¡n¡AªF ¨Ê¡G¬K¬îªÀ¡A1974¡C ¡m¤j­¼¦ò¨å 12 ¦p¨ÓÂèt¸g¨å¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¤¤¥¡¤½½×ªÀ¡A 1975¡C ¡m¦ò¨åÁ¿®y 17 ·«¦÷¸g¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¤jÂÃ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1980¡C ¡m¦ò©ÊÇOÇV¦óÆñ¡n¡A¨Ê³£¥«¡AªkÂÃÀ]¡A¬L©M60¡C ¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¢×¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1988¡C ¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¢º¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1989 ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡GÁ¿½ÍªÀ¡A1989¡C ¡m¼W¸É·sª© ¦ò©ÊÇOÇV¦óÆñ¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡AªkÂÃÀ]¡A1997¡C 31 ¨ä¥L¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¤é¤å¤å³¹¡AŪªÌ¥i¦b»O¤j¦ò¾Ç¤¤¤ßªº¡u ¦ò¾Çºô¸ô¸ê®Æ®w¡v (http: //ccbs.ntu.edu.tw /SEARCH/srch.htm) §ä¨ì¼Æ¶q»á¦hªº¤é¤å¤å³¹¡A©Î°Ñ ¾\§ù¥¿¥Á¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤p¥v -- ¦p¨ÓÂþǮѥز¤¶ »P¾ÉŪ¡]¤U¡^¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¹Ï®ÑÀ]À]°T¡n¡A²Ä 12 ´Á¡A19 97¡A­¶ 39-40¡C ­¶ 253 ¤T¡B¼Ú¬w¹ï¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº«áÄò¬ã¨s (¤@) E. Frauwallnerªº²Ä¤T¾Ç¬£»¡ ¤ÏÆ[¼Ú¬wªº¤ÏÀ³¡A´N¨S¤é¥»¼öµ¸¡A±q Obermiller ¤Î Johnston «á¡A¤@ª½¨ì 1956 ¦~¡A¤~¦³ E. Frauwallner ´£ ¥X¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº±Ð¸q¬O¤£¦P©ó¤¤Æ[¡B·ì¦÷¨â¬£ªº»¡ªk¡A¦b¨ä Die Philosophie des Buddhismus ¤@¤å¤¤¡A¥L­º¥ý´£¥X "die Schule Saaramatis" ¡]°í¼z¡^ªº¦W¦r¡A¡]ª`¢²¢±¡^¥B »{¬°¨ä¤£¦P©óµLµÛ©Î¥@¿Ëªº·ì¦÷±Ð»¡¡A¡]ª`¢²¢²¡^¦Ó´£­ÒÀ³ ¦³²Ä¤T¾Ç¬£ªº»¡ªk¡C ¦¹¬°¼Ú¬w¾Ç¬É­º¦¸§â¦L«×¦ò±Ðªº¦p¨ÓÂû¡¿W¥ß¥X¨Ó¡A¨Ã ½T»{¤¤Æ[¡B·ì¦÷¤§¥~²Ä¤T¨tªº¦¨¥ß¡C¡]ª`¢²¢³¡^­È±o¤@´£ªº ¬O¡A§â¡u¦p¨ÓÂû¡¡v¿W¥ß¥X¨Ó¦¨¬°¤T¨tªº ____________________________________________________ 32 E. Frauwallner, "Die Philosophie des Buddhismus, " Berlin, 1956, p. 255-64. °w¹ï Johnston ªº¦w¼z (Sthiramati) »¡¡A¥L»{¬°¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nÀ³¥Ñ¤£¦P©óÀ±°Ç ¡BµLµÛ¾Ç¨tªº°í¼z (Saaramatis) ©Ò³y¡C 33 ©ó«e¤å´£¨ì Obermiller ¥HÂöǦò±Ðªº¶Ç©Ó¡A»{¬°¡mÄ_ ©Ê½×¡n¬OÀ±°Ç³y¡BµLµÛÄÀ¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡AJohnston ¤]¬O¨Ì ±ë¤å¥»¡A±N¤§ÂkÄÝ©ó·ì¦÷¦æ¬£¡C 34 ¨ä¹ê¡A¦­¦b 1930 ¦~ D.T. Suzuki ¡]¹a¤ì¤j¦õ¡^¤w®Ú ¾Úº~¤å¸ê®Æ¦b¨ä¡m·«¦÷¸g¬ã¨s¡n¤¤¡A´£¥X¦p¨ÓÂû¡ªº¸ê ®Æ¡G Suzuki, D. T., Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1930, p. 137-139, 259-263. µ¥ The Lankavatara Sutra, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1932. "The Tathagatagarbha and the Alaya-vijnana, " Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism, New York: Schocken, 1963, p. 125-139. ¦Ó Takasaki ¡]°ª±Tª½¹D¡^¦b 1958 ¦~´N¦³¤@½g "The Tathaagatotpattisa.mbhavananirde'sa of the Avata .msaka and the Ratnagotravibhaga--with speci -al reference to the term 'tathaagata gotrasa.mbhava, ' Jouranl of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 7 no. 1, 1958, p. 348~343. °Q½×¦p¨ÓÂ꺭^¤å¤å³¹µoªí¡C ±µµÛ¡A¬ü°ê Minoru. Kiyota ¡]²M¥Ð¹ê¡^¦b¨ä "Tathaagatgarbha thought" ¤@¤å§Y°w¹ï Elvin Jones ªº "Buddhist Theories of Existents:The System of Two Trughs, " Mahaayaana Buddhist Meditation: Theory and Practice, ed. by M. Kiyota, Honolulu, 1978, p.41, n.19. ªº½èºÃ¡AKiyota ¤Þ¥Î¡m·«¦÷¸g ¡n¤§¡u¦p¨ÓÂû¡¡v (Tathaagatagarbha-vaada) µªÅG¤§ ¡A¦¹»P¡uªÅ»¡¡v ('Suunya vaada) ©M¡uÃÑ»¡¡v (Vij~ -naavna vaada) ¤T¨t¹©¥ß¡C¡]Ãö©ó Kiyota ªº¸Ô²Ó¸ê ®Æ¡A±N©ó«á­±ªº³¹¸`¤¶²Ð¡C¡^ ­¶ 254 »¡ªk¡A¦¹»¡¹ï©ó·í®É²ßºD©ó¨ÌÂöǦò±Ð©Î¦L«×¦ò±Ð±Ð¸q¡A¸Ñ »¡¦òªkªº¼Ú¬w¦Ó¨¥¬O¥ó¤j¨Æ¡A¦ý¹ï¥_¶Ç¦ò±Ð¦Ó¨¥«h¤£µM¡C¡] ª`¢²¢´¡^µL½×¦p¦ó¡AFrauwallner §â¦p¨ÓÂñиq·í§@²Ä¤T¾Ç ¬£¡A¹ï·í¥Nªº¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¬O¤@­«­nªº¨½µ{¸O¡C±q¦¹¡A¦p¨ÓÂÃ¾Ç ²æÂ÷¤¤Æ[¡B·ì¦÷¾Ç¬£ªº³±¼v¦Ó¦Û¦¨¤@¾Ç²Î¡A¶}±Ò¦è¤è¦ò¾Ç¬ã ¨sªº·s¹Ò¬É¡C¡]ª`¢²¢µ¡^ (¤G) David Seyfort RueggªºÂöǦp¨ÓÂþǬã¨s ¦¹¥~¡A¼Ú¬w¾ÇªÌ D. Seyfort Ruegg ¦b La th$orie du Tathaagatagarbha et du Gotra »P Le trait$ du Tathaagatagarbha de Bu ston Rin chen grub ¨â®Ñ¡A¡]ª` ¢²¢¶¡^¤Î¨ä¥L¦h½g½×µÛ¤¤¡A¡]ª`¢²¢·¡^¥HÂöǤåÄm¬°­«­nªº °Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡A§@¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¡C ¥L»{¬°±ë¤å¸ê®Æ¬y¥¢¤£»ô¥þ¡A¦]¦¹Âäå¤åÄm´N¦¨¬°­«­n ªº°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥L¥HÂÃĶ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¤Î¨äµù²¨ (Vyaakhyaa) ¬°¥D¡A¹ï¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n»P¦p¨ÓÂþǰµ¬ã°Q¡C¦b¡m ¦p¨ÓÂûPºØ©Ê²z½×¡n (La th$orie du Tathaagatagarbha et du Gotra) ____________________________________________________ 35 ¥_¶Ç³¡¥÷±N¥t¤å°Q½×¡C 36 °ß¦³¦p¨ÓÂ꺲ĤT¾Ç¬£¤§»¡´£¥X¡A¨Ï±o¦p¨ÓÂño¬ã¨s¦W ¥¿¨¥¶¶ªº¦¨¬°¬ã¨sªº½ÒÃD¡A¤£¬O¦­´Áªº¶È¥H¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n ¬°¥Dªº¬ã¨s¦Ó¤w¡C 37 ¦¹®Ñ¥L®Ú¾Ú¥¬´° (Bu ston rin chen grub 1290-1364) ªºµù²¨¡A¥ß°ò©ó¥¬´°ªº±Ð»¡¡A¥L¹ï¦p¨ÓÂèt¦³¬Û·íºëÅP ªº¸Ñ»¡¡C 38 David Seyfort Ruegg Ãö©ó¦p¨ÓÂìã¨sªº­«­n½×µÛ: "The Jo-nang-pas: a school of Buddhist ontologists according to the Grub-mtha oshel-gyi me-long, " Jurnal of the American Oriental Society vol. 83, 1963 p. 73-91. La th$orie du Tathaagatagarbha et du Gotra, Paris:Ecole Franxaise d'Extr#me Orient,1969. Le trait$ du Tathaagatagarbha de Bu ston Rin chen grub, Paris: Ecole Franxaise d'Extr#me Orient, 1973. "The meaning of the term Gotra and the Textual History of Ratnagotravibhaaga, " Bulletin of Scho -ol Oriental and African Studies, 1976, p341-344. "The Gotra, Ekayaana and Tathaagatagarbha Theories of Praj~naapaaramitaa According to Dharmamitra and Abhayakaragupta, ", Prajbaparamita and Related Systems, ed. by Lewis Lancaster, 1977, p283-317. Buddha nature, mind and the problem of gradualism in a comparative perspective: on the transmission and reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet. New Delhi: Heritage Publishers (in arrangement with School of Oriental and African stidies, London),1992. ­¶ 255 ¤¤¡ASeyfort Ruegg ­º¥ý±q·ì¦÷¦æ¬£»P¤¤Æ[¾Ç¬£ªº¤åÄm¡A¤Î ¨ä¥L¬ÛÃö¸g¨å¤¤¡A¸Ñ»¡¤j­¼¡uºØ©Ê¡v (gotra) ªº±Ð¸q»P²z ½×¡A¥H±´°Q·ì¦÷¦æ¬£¡m¤j­¼²øÄY¸g½×¡nªººØ©Ê¸q¡B¡uµÐÂĦa ¡v»P¡uÁn»D¦a¡vªººØ©Ê¸q¡B¡mÄá¤j­¼½×¡nªººØ©Ê¸q¡B¡m¤¤Ãä ¤À§O½×¡nªº¬É»PºØ©Ê¡B¤Î©v³Ø¤Ú¹ï¡u°ßÃѾǬ£¡vºØ©Ê¸qªº§å §P¡CµM«á¡A¥L±q¤¤Æ[¾Ç¬£¤åÄm¤¤¡A±´°QºØ©ÊªºÄ´³ë¡A¤ÎÂÃ¶Ç ¡m²{Æ[²øÄY½×¡nªººØ©Ê±Ð¸qµ¥¡C ¨ä¦¸¡A¥L«h±q¡m²{Æ[²øÄY½×¡n¤Î¨äµùÄÀ¡A±´°QÂöǦò±Ð ¡uµÐ´£»P¤@­¼¡vªº°ÝÃD¡A¶i¦Ó¬ã°Q¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº¤@­¼±Ð¸q¡C µM«á¡A¦b¡u¦p¨ÓÂñиq¡v¤¤¡A¥L«h¥H¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¤Îµù²¨ (Vyaakhyaa) ¬°¥D¡A¤ÀªRºØ©Ê¡B¬É¡B¦p¨ÓÂ꺱иq¤Î¡mÄ_©Ê ½×¡n»P Vyaakhyaa ¤¤¦p¨ÓÂûPªk¨­¡B¦p¨Ó¡BºØ©Ê¡B¦ò¤§´¼ »P´dªºÃö«Y¡C¤Î¤£¥i«ä¡B¤£¥iijªº¡u²Ä¤@¸q¿Í¡v (La R$alitŠ absolu; paramaartha) ¤§¥»½è¡A¥H²z¸Ñ¦p¨ÓÂûP ªÅ©ÊªºÃö«Y¡A¨Ã°Q½×¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¤Î¨ä¬ÛÃö¸g¨å¤¤ªº²Ä¤@¸q -- ªÅ©Êªº°ÝÃD¤Î¦ò¼wµ¥°ÝÃD¡C¶i¦Ó±q¡u²Ä¤@¸q¿Í¡vªº½T¥ß ¡A¥H°Q½×ÂöǦò±Ðªº¦p¨ÓÂûPºØ©Ê²z½×¡C ³Ì«á¡A¦b¡u¦Û©Ê²M²b¤ß¡v (La luminosit$ naturelle de la Pens$e ¥»©Ê©ú²b ) ¤¤±´°Q¸g¨å¤¤¦³Ãö¡u©ú²b¡v (prabhaasvara) ªº±Ð»¡¡A¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n»Pµù²¨ (Vyaakhyaa) ¤¤¡u©ú²b¡vªº«ä·Q¡A°ßÃѾǬ£»P¤¤Æ[±Ð¸q¤¤¦³Ãö¡u©ú²b¡vªº «ä·Q¡A³¯¨º»PªkºÙªº¡u©ú²b¡v«ä·Q»PµL«¯ÃÑ¡Bªü¼¯Ã¹ÃÑ¤Î¤ß ªº¡u©ú²b¡vµ¥¬ã¨s¡C¡]ª`¢²¢¸¡^±q¤W­z²¤¶¡AŪªÌ·í¥i²M·¡ ªºÁA¸Ñ Seyfort Ruegg ¹ï¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤§¥Î¤ß¡C ¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nÂöǸg¨åªº­^Ķ¥Xª©¡B±ë¤å­ì¨åªº½s¿è¥X¤g ¡A¦A¥[¤Wº~Ķ¦ò¨åªº¤ñ¹ï¡A¤Î E. Frauwallner ´£¥Xªº¤T¨t »¡¡A¨Ã¸g¥ÑªF¤è¾ÇªÌ°ª±Tª½¹D»P¦è¤è¾ÇªÌ D. Seyfort Ruegg ªº§V¤O¡A¨Ï±o¾Ç¬É¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¦³¸û§¹¾ãªº²z¸Ñ¡A¨Ã ¦¨¬°«áÄ~¾ÇªÌªº¬ã¨s°ò¦¡C¥H¤U¦U¸`©Ò­zªº·í¥N½×µÛ¡A¥i»¡ ¬O®Ú°ò©ó«e­±´X¦ì¾ÇªÌªº¬ã¨s¡A¦Ó¦³©Ò¬ð¯}¡C¬O¥H¡A¤U¤å±N Âk¯Ç¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªºªñ¥N¬ã¨s¡A¨Ã§@¤@¤pµ²¡C ____________________________________________________ 39 ¥»¤åºKĶ¦Û: Daved, Seyfort Ruegg La th$orie du Tathaagatagarbha et du Gotra, Paris: Ecole Franx -aise d'Extr#me Orient,1969. ­¶ 256 (¤T) S. K. Hookham¹ï·í¥N¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¬ã¨sªºÂk¯Ç S. K. Hookham ©ó 1991 ¦~¥Xª©ªº The Buddha Within: Tathagatagrabha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga ¤@®Ñ¡AÁöµM¬O¦b¬ü°ê¥Xª©¡A¡]ª`¢³¢¯¡^µM¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥»®Ñªº­ì ½Z¬°¸Ó§@ªÌ 1986 ¦~©ó­^°ê¤û¬z¤j¾Çªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¡A¨ä«ü¾É±Ð ±Â¬° Paul Williams¡A¦Ò¸Õ±Ð±Â¬° David Seyfort Ruegg µ¥¤H¡C¬O¥H¡A¥»¤å±N¨äÂkÃþ©ó¼Ú¬w°Ï°Q½×¡C¦p¨ä°Æ®Ñ¦W©Ò¨¥ ¡A¥»®Ñ¬O¥H¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº¥LªÅ (Shentong) Æ[¸àÄÀ¦p¨ÓÂñР¸q¡C­º¥ý¡A¦o´£¥X¦b¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥v¤W±q¥¼´£¨ìªº¦ÛªÅ (Ragntong)¡B¥LªÅ (Shentong) ¤Î¨ä©w¸q¡C¨Ã¥B½T»{¥ý«eªº ¬ã¨sªÌ¡A¬Ò¥H Gyaltsab µùÄÀªº¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¬°ÂÅ¥»¡A¡]ª`¢³ ¢°¡^¤]´N¬O³£¥H¦ÛªÅ (Rangton) ¨Ó¸Ñ»¡¸g¤å¡A¦o»{¬°¦¹»P ¥LªÅ (Sheng tong) ªº¸Ñ»¡¬O¤£¦Pªº¡C ¸Û¦p¥»¤åªº´y­z¡AObermiller ¬O®Ú¾Ú¦èÂóâ¹Àªº±Ð¾É ¡A¨Ã°Ñ¦Ò Gyaltsab ªºª©¥»¦Ó¼gªº¡A¦]¦¹¦o»{¬° Obermiller ¬O¥[¤W Gyaltsab ªºµù¸Ñ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¯u¥¿ªºÂ½Ä¶ ¡C¦P®É¦o¤]»{¬°¡AJohnston ¥u¬O¨Ì¹¬¤Hµo²{ªº¤G­Ó±ë¤åª© ¥» (Sarda script ¤Î Nepali script) §@¾ã²z»P¸àÄÀ¡A¸ê ®Æ¨Ã¤£¥R¤À¡Cª½¨ì 1964 ¦~°ª±Tª½¹D (Takasaki) ¥Hº~¤å¡B Âäå»P±ë¤å§@¤ñ¹ï¡A©lµo²{º~Ķ¥»»PÂÃĶ¥»¦³«Ü¤jªº¤£¦P¡C ¦Ü 1969 ¦~ Seyfort Ruegg ªº La th$orie du Tathaagatagarbha et du G•tra ¤@®Ñ¥Xª©¡A¤~½T¥ßÂöǦp ¨ÓÂþǪº­«­n©Ê¡C ªñ¦~¨Ó¡A¥Ñ©óÂödzâ¹À¥[¤J¬ã¨sªº¦æ¦C¡A¶}©l¦³·s§@«~ °Ý¥@¡A¦p 1979 ¦~ªº The Changeless Nature ¤Î Thrangu Rimpoch ªº¤@¨Ç·s¥Xª©«~µ¥¡C¡]ª`¢³¢±¡^¦p Hookham ____________________________________________________ 40 S. K. Hookham, The Buddha Within: Tathagatagrabha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga, New York: State University of New York Press, 1991. 41 ¦¹¬° Gyaltsab ªº Dartik (rGyud bla Ma'i dar tik) ¡C¥»¬q Hookham ©Ò¿×ªº Gyaltsab¡A§Y¬°µù 11 ªº Rgyal tshab Darma rin chen¡C(¥»¬q©Ò¥ÎªºÂäå«÷­µ ¬Ò¥H Hookham ­ì®Ñªº¥Îªk¬°¥D¡C) 42 Ãö©ó Thrangu Rimpoche ªº¥Xª©«~¦³: The Open Door to Emptiness, tr. by Sakya Dorje, ed. Michael Lewis, Nepal: Lhundrub Teng, Bouhda, Kathmandu, 1978. A Commentary on the RGV by Thrangu Rimpoche, tr. by M. Kapstein, ed. Brian Beresford. (Published without Thrangu Rimpoche's knowledge), 1983. ­¶ 257 ©ó¡u§Ç¤å¡v©Ò­z¡A¸Ó®Ñ¤]¬O±o¤O©ó³â¹Àªº¨ó§U½Ķ»P¸ÑŪ¡A ¤~±o¥H¥Xª©¡C¥i¨£¦è¤è¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº¬ã¨s¡AÂödzâ¹Àªº½T¥\ ¤£¥i¨S¡I ¸g¥Ñ¤W­zªºÂ²¤¶¡A¥iª¾ Hookham ¹ï¹L¥hªº¦p¨ÓÂþǬ㠨s´£¥X¤F¤@¨Ç½èºÃ¡G 1. Obermiller¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nÂäåĶ¥»ªº°ÝÃD¡C 2. Johnston¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n±ë¤åª©¥»ªº°ÝÃD¡C 3.¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nÂäåĶ¥»»Pº~¤åĶ¥»ªº¤£¦P¡C 4. ¦p¨ÓÂþǬO§_¥¿½T¹B¥ÎÂöǸê®Æªº°ÝÃD¡C 5. ¦p¨ÓÂûP¦ÛªÅ¡B¥LªÅªº±´°Qµ¥°ÝÃD¡C ¥|¡B¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªñªp (¤@) ªñ¥N¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s·§­z ©ÓÄ~¼Ú¬w»P¤é¥»¹ï¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¡A¬ü°ê¶}©l§ïÅܦp¨Ó ÂþǪº¬ã¨s»P½d³ò¡A¤£¦P©ó¦­´Á¨Ì¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡nªº¬ã¨s¡A¥[¤J ¨ä¥L¦p¨ÓÂèt¸g½×ªº¬ã¨s¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡Aªñ¥N¬ü°ê¾ÇªÌªº¦p¨Ó ÂþǬã¨s¡A¤£¦A¥u«]­­©ó±ë¤å¡BÂäå¡Bº~¤åªº¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¬ã ¨s¦Ó¤w¡C Ä´¦p±q¤C¡³¦~¥N¶}©l¡A¬ü°ê§Y¦³¦UÃþ¦p¨ÓÂìã¨sªºµÛ§@ ¥X²{¡A¦p Alex Wayman ¡m³Óö¥¸g¡n¬ã¨s¡ASallie King ¡m ¦ò©Ê½×¡n¡B¡m¤£¼W¤£´î¸g¡n¡B¡mµL¤W¨Ì¸g¡n¦p¨ÓÂäT¸g½×ªº ¬ã¨s¡A¤Î Brain Brown ªº¡m³Óö¥¸g¡n¡B¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n¡B¡m·« ¦÷¸g¡n»P¡m¦¨°ßÃѽסn¡Aµ¥¦p¨ÓÂèt¸g½×ªº¬ã¨s¡C¥H¤Î¡A Minoru Kiyota ªº Tathagatagarbha Thought¡AK. Holmes ªº The Changeless Nature µ¥¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q ____________________________________________________ Buddha Nature, translated by Erik Pema Kunsang, 1988. (See also 1993) A Commentary on the Uttara Tantra Sastra, tr. by Ken and Katia Holmes, Boulder: Namo Buddha Publications, 1989. (See also 1994) Buddha Nature: Ten Teachings on the Uttara Tantra Shastra, 2nd rev. ed. Hong Kong: Rangjung Yeshe, 1993. The Uttara Tantra: A Treatise on Buddha Nature -- A Commentary on The Uttara Tantra Sastra of Asanga by the Venerable Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche; tr. by Ken and Katia Holmes, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1994. ­¶ 258 ªº¬ã¨s¡C¥Ñ¦¹¥i¬Ý¥X¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s½d³ò¤wÂX¤j³\¦h¡I¤]´N ¬O»¡¡Aªñ¥N¬ü°ê¾Ç¬Éªº¦p¨ÓÂþǤ£¦P©ó¼Ú¬w¡A¤w¶}³Ð¥X¨ä¥L ¤è­±ªº¬ã¨s¡A¥B¬ü°ê¾ÇªÌ¬ã¨sªº¦h¼Ë©Ê¡A¡]ª`¢³¢²¡^¥i¥H±q ¨ä®Ñ¥Ø¬Ý¥XºÝ­Ù¡C¡]ª`¢³¢³¡^ ¦p¤W­z¡A±q®Ñ¥Ø¤¤ÅªªÌ·í¥iÁA¸Ñ·í¥N¬ü°ê¦ò¾Ç¬Éªº¦p¨Ó ÂþǬã¨sªñªp¡A¥ç¥i´x´¤¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªº¯ß°Ê¡A¨Ã¯àÅé·|¬ü °ê¦p¨ÓÂþǾǪ̬ã¨sªº¦h¼Ë©Ê»PÅܤơC¦b³oºØ¦hÅܪºÀô¹Ò¤U ¡A¨ä¼vÅT¤O¥²µM·|ÂX¼W¡A¬G¤µ¦A´N¨ä¼vÅT»P¤Þµoªº½ÒÃDÄ~Äò °Q½×¡C (¤G) ªñ¥N¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¼vÅT 1990 ¦~ Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota ¤@®Ñ°Ý¥@¡A¥»®Ñ¥]§t¤F M. Kiyota ¤Q¦ì¾Ç ¥Íªº§@«~¡A¡]ª`¢³¢´¡^¥Ñ¥»¥Xª©«~¥i¬Ý¥Xªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂäåÄm¬ã ¨sªº±¡ªp¤Î¨ä¼vÅT¡A¨Ã½T¥ß¦p¨ÓÂþǦb¬ü°êªº¦a¦ì¡A¤]ÂǦ¹ ¹ï·í¥N¼Ú¬ü¦p¨ÓÂþǰµ¤@¤pµ²¡C¡]ª`¢³¢µ¡^¥Ñ¤å¤¤¥iª¾ M. Kiyota ¯d¤é®É¡A¨ü¾Ç©óµ²«°¥O»D (Yuki Reimon)¡Bªá¤s«H ³Ó (Hanayama Shinsho )¡B¤¤§ø¤¸ (Hajime Nakamura)¡B¥­¤t¹ü ____________________________________________________ 43 ´N¹³¬ü°ê¥»¨­ªº¤å¤Æ¤@¼Ë¡A¦o¬O¤@­Ó¤jº²Äl¡A¤×¨ä¬Oªí ²{¦b¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¤W¡A¬ü°ê¬Oºî¦X¤FªF¦è¨â¤èªº¬ã¨s ¡A²£¥Í¤F·sªº¤õªá¡A´N¦p T. D.Suzuki ªº¨ú¬ü°ê©d¤l ¡BAlex Wayman ªº¨ú¤é¥»©d¤l¡A¤é¸Ç²Ä¤G¥Nªº¬üÄy M. Kiyota ¨ú¤é¥»©d¤l¡A¥L­Ì¦b¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¡A¤]¬O¤@ ¼Ëªº¦³¨äªF¦è¤èªººî¦X©Ê»P·sªº¶}®i¡A¦]¦¹¦p¨ÓÂþǦb ¬ü°êªºµo®i¦³¤F¹ñ·sªº¤è¦V¡C 44 ¦³Ãö¬ü°êªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǮѥػP¤ÀÃþ¡A½Ð°Ñ¾\§ù¥¿¥Á¡A¡q ¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤p¥v -- ¦p¨ÓÂþǮѥز¤¶»P¾ÉŪ¡]¤W¡^ ¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¹Ï®ÑÀ]À]°T¡n¡A²Ä 10/11 ´Á¡A1997¡A­¶ 45-47 »P­¶ 49-52 ¤§µù 11-24¡Cµ§ªÌ±N©Ò»`¶°ªº¸ê®Æ ­«·s¬ã¨s¾ã²z¡AŪªÌ·í¥i²M·¡ªº¬Ý¥Xªñ¥N¬ü°ê¾ÇªÌ¦p¨Ó ÂþǬã¨sªº¤@¨Çµïµ·°¨¸ñ¡C 45 Paul J. Griffiths and John Keenan ed., Buddha Nature Treatise : A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, Tokyo: Buddhist Books Inter natio -nal, 1990. ¥»®Ñ¥Ñ Kiyota ªº¾Ç¥Í¦p¡GJose Cabezon, Roger Gregory --Tashi-Corless, Paul Griffiths, William Grosnick, Jamie Hubbard, Roger Jackson , John Keenan, Sallie King, Heng-ching Shih ¤Î Paul Swanson µ¥¤Q¦ìªº¤å³¹©Ò²Õ¦¨ªº½×¤å¶°¡C 46 ¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¤è¦V¦bªñ¦~¨Ó¦³©ÒÂà§é¡A¥Ñ Buddha Nature ¤@®Ñªº¨â¦ì§@ªÌ Jamie Hubbard »P Paul Swanson ·s¥Xª©ªº Pruning the Bodhi Tree¡A¥i¬Ý¥X ³o¤@·sªº¨½µ{»PÂàÅÜ¡C¸Ô±¡±N©ó¡y§å§P¦ò±Ð¡z¤@¸`¤¤°Q ½×¡C ­¶ 259 (Akira Hirakawa) ¤Î¥É«°±d¥|­¦ (Koshiro Tamaki) µ¥¤é ¥»¾ÇªÌ¡A¦b 1963 ¦~Àò±oªF¨Ê¤j¾Ç³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A§Yªð¦^¬ü°ê©ó Wisconsin ¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â¦ò¾Ç¦Ü¤µ¡C¥L«ü¾Éªº¾Ç¥Í«Ü¦h¡A¦p«í²M ªk®v¤Îªñ¤éªð°êªº±ö°i¤åµ¥¬Ò¬° Kiyota ªºªù¥Í¡A¥i¿×¬O®ç §õº¡¤Ñ¤U¡C¥Ñ¥»®Ñ¥iª¾¡A³o¨Ç§@ªÌ¹M§G¬ü°ê¡B¤é¥»¡B»OÆWµ¥ ¦U¥D­n¤j¾Ç¡A¡]ª`¢³¢¶¡^¦]¦¹¡A¹ïªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶Ç¼½¦³«Ü ¤jªº¼vÅT¡C¤µ¹ï¥»®Ñªº¤º®e¤Î¦U½g¤å³¹§@¤@²¤¶¡G¡]ª`¢³¢· ¡^ ____________________________________________________ 47 ¥»®Ñªº§@ªÌ¹M§G¦U¥D­nªº¾Ç³N³æ¦ì¡A¨ä¼vÅT¤O¥i·Q¦Óª¾¡G Jos$ Ignacio Cabez¢ n °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°êIliff ¾Ç°|¡C Roger Corless °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°êDuke¤j¾Ç©v±Ð¾Ç¨t¡C Paul J. Griffiths °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°êChicago¤j¾Ç¯«¾Ç°|¡C William G. Grosnick °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°ê LaSalle ¤j¾Ç©v±Ð ¨t¡C Jamie Hubbard °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°ê Smith ¾Ç°|©v±Ð¨t¡C Roger R. Jackson °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°êCarleton¾Ç°|¡C John P. Keenan °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°êMiddlebury¾Ç°|­õ¾Ç¨t¡C Sallie B. King °õ±Ð©ó¬ü°êJames Madison¤j¾Ç¡C Heng-ching Shih °õ±Ð©ó»OÆW¤j¾Ç­õ¾Ç¨t¡C Swanson, Paul L. °õ±Ð©ó¤é¥»«n¤s©v±Ð¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò¡C 48 1.Jos$ Ignacio Cabez¢ n, "The Canonization of Philosophy and the Rhetoric of Siddhaa^nta in Tibetan Buddhism, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990, p. 7-26. 2.Roger Corless, "Lying to Tell the Truth - Upaaya in Mahaayana Buddhism and Oikonomia in Alexandrian Christianity, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International,1990, p. 27-40. 3. Paul J. Griffiths, "Painting Space with Colors: Tathaagatagarbha in the Mahaayaanasuutra -la^nkaara-Corpus IX.22-37, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan,Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990,p. 41-63. 4. William G. Grosnick, "Buddha Nature as Myth, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan,Tokyo: Buddhist Books International,1990, p. 65-74. 5. Jamie Hubbard, "Perfect Buddhahood, Absolute Delusion--The Universal Buddha of the San-chieh- chiao," in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by PaulGriffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International ,1990,p.75-94. 6. Roger R. Jackson, "Luminous Mind Among the Logicians - An Analysis of Pramaa.navaarttika II. 205-211, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan,Tokyo: Buddhist Books International,1990,p. 95-123. ­¶ 260 ¥»®Ñ«ö·Ó§@ªÌ©m¤ó¦r¥À±Æ¦C¡A¥ý¦¬¿ý Jos‚ Ignacio Cabez¢ nÃö©óÂöǮæ¾|¬£¾ÇªÌ¤§­×¹¢»yªk¡A»PÂøg­õ¾Ç«äºû ªº¤å³¹¡F¨ä¦¸¨Ì§Ç¬O Roger Corless ¦b¡q¥Õ¦âªºÁÀ¨¥¡r¤@ ¤å¤¤¹ï¡mªkµØ¸g¡n¡u¤è«K¡v (Upaaya) ¥Îªkªº±´°Q¡A¤Î¨ä¹ï ¤j­¼¦ò±Ðªº¼vÅT¡FPaul J. Griffiths °w¹ï¡m¤j­¼²øÄY¸g½× ¡n (Mahaayaanasuutrala.nkaara) IX.22-37 ³o´X­ÓÔU¹|¦³ Ãö¡u¦p¨ÓÂáv¤@µü¥Îªkªº¬ã¨s¡FWilliam G. Grosnick °ò©ó ¡u¤@¤Á²³¥Í±x¦³¦ò©Ê¡vªº°ò¦¡A¥H¦ò©Ê¤§°g«ä¬°½×ÃDªº¤¶²Ð ¡F Jamie Hubbard ¥Hº~¤å¸ê®Æ¨Ì¡u¤T¶¥±Ð¡vªº¥½ªk¡B¤T¶¥ ¦òªk¡BµLºÉÂõ¥Ä³ÃD°Q½×¦ò©Ê¡FRoger R. Jackson ¨Ì¦L«× »PÂöǤåÄm¡A°Q½× Pramaa.navaarttika II.205-211 ¤¤Ãö ©ó¤ß©Ê²M²b (Luminous mind; prabhaasarataa) ªº½×ÂI¡F John P. Keenan «h»{¬°¤¤°ê¦ò±Ðªº¦p¨ÓÂûP¦ò©ÊÆ[¡A¨ü¹D ±Ð¡u¥»©Ê¡vªº¼vÅT¡F¤Î Sallie B. King ¨Ì¡m¦ò©Ê½×¡n¡B¡m ¤£¼W¤£´î¸g¡n¡B¯u¿ÍĶªº¡mµL¤W¨Ì¸g¡nµ¥°Q½×¦ò©Ê»P¯«¯¦¥D ¸qªº°ÝÃD¡C³Ì«á¡A«h¬°ÄÀ«í²M (Shih Heng-ching) ¨Ì¤Ñ¥x ´¼óª¦b¡m¤j­¼¤îÆ[ªkªù¡n»P¡mÆ[­µ¥È¸q¡n©Ò´£ªº©Ê´cÆ[¡A°Q ½×¦ò©Êªº°ÝÃD¡A¤Î¦oªº¦P¾Ç Paul Swanson ¥H¤Ñ¥x´¼óªªº¤T ¿ÍÆ[¡B¤T¯ë­Y¡B¤T¨­¡B¤T¼wµ¥Æ[ÂI°Q½×¤T¦ò©Êªº°ÝÃD¡C±q¤W ­zªºµÛ§@¥iÁA¸Ñ¡A¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¦b¬ü°ê¤w¬O¦h­±©Êªº±´°Q ¡A¦Ó¤£¥u¬O§½­­©ó³æ¤è­±ªº¬ã¨s¡C ¦b Kiyota ªº«ü¾É¤U¡A°£¤F Buddha Nature ¤@®Ñ¥~¡A ÁÙ¦³¦h½gÃö©ó¦p¨ÓÂìã¨sªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¡A¯÷¨ÒÁ|¦p¤U¡G ____________________________________________________ 7. John P. Keenan, "The Doctrine of Buddha Natu re in Chinese Buddhism - Hui-K'ai on Paramaartha, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Gri -ffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990, p. 125-137. 8.Sallie B. King, "Buddha Nature Thought and Mysticism Buddha Nature Treatise, Supreme Basis Sutra, No Increase, No Decrease Sutra, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990, p. 139-152. 9. Heng-ching Shih, "T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's Theory of Buddha Nature--A Realistic and Humanistic Understanding of the Buddha, " in Buddha Nature: A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1990, p.153-169. 10. Paul L. Swanson, "T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's Concept of Threefold Buddha Nature - a Synergy of Reality, Wisdom and Practice, " in Buddha Nature : A Festschrift in Honor of Minoru Kiyota, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan , Tokyo : Buddhist Books International , 1990, p.171-180. ­¶ 261 1974 ¦~ Dianan Paul ªº¡m³Óö¥¸gªº¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡n¡A 1977 ¦~ Aaron Koseki ¦NÂám¤j­¼¥È½×¡n¤¤¡u¦ò©Ê¡vªº¬ã ¨s¡A1979 ¦~ William Grosnick ªº¡m¹D¤¸ªº¦ò©ÊÆ[¡nªº¬ã ¨s¡A1981 ¦~ Sallie King ªº¡m¦p¨ÓÂäT¸g½×¤§¬ã¨s¡n¡A Paul Swanson ¡m¤Ñ¥x´¼óªªº¬ã¨s¡n¡A1986 ¦~ Jamie Hubbard ªº¡m¤T¶¥±ÐµLºÉÂ꺬ã¨s¡n¡A¤Î Shih Heng-Ching ¡]ÄÀ«í²M¡^ªº¡m¥Ã©ú©µ¹ØªºÁI²b¿Ä¦X½×¡nµ¥¡C¡]ª`¢³¢¸¡^ Kiyota ®v¥Í¦b¬ü°ê¹ï¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¼vÅT¡A¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¡C¡]ª`¢´¢¯¡^ (¤T) ¥H­^¤åµoªí¦p¨ÓÂä峹ªº¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌ¤Î¨ä¼vÅT °£¤W­zªº¾ÇªÌ¥~¡AÁÙ¦³¼Æ¦ì¤¤°ê¾ÇªÌ©ó¬ü°êµoªí»P¦p¨Ó Âæ³Ãöªº½×¤å¡A¦p¾¤´f­Û¡]µØ¸Ç¡^¡B¹ù©ú¬¡¡]­»´ä¡^»PÄÀ«í ²M¡]»OÆW¡^µ¥¤H¡C¥Ñ©ó¥L­Ì¬O¤Ö¼Æ¯à¹B¥Îº~¤å¦ò¨å¼¶¼g­^¤å ¦p¨ÓÂõۧ@ªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¦]¦¹¹ï·í¥N¼Ú¬üº~¤å¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¥ç¦³ ©Ò¼vÅT¡C¤µÂ²¤¶¨ä­^¤åµÛ§@©ó¤U¡G 1. Lai, Whalen ¾¤´f­Û ¾¤´f­Û 1975 ¦~¦b«¢¦ò¤j¾Çªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¡m¤j­¼°_«H½×»P ¤¤°ê¤j­¼¦ò±Ðªº°Ê¦]¡n¡A¡]ª`¢´¢°¡^¬O¬ü°ê¦­´Á¤Ö¼Æ¬ã¨s¦ò ¾Çªº½×¤å¤§¤@¡C¨äµÛ§@¶q«ÜÂ×´I¡A¤j³£¬O»P ____________________________________________________ 49 Paul, Diana. Y., A Prolegomena to the Srimaladevi Sutra and the Tathagatagarbha Theory: the Role of Women in Buddhism, 1974. Grosnick, William. Dogen's View of the Buddha-Nature, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Wisoconsin-Madison, 1979. King, Sallie B., The Active Self: A Philosophical Study of the Buddha Nature Treatise and Other Chinese Buddhist Texts, Ph .D. dissertation,Temple University, 1981. Hubbard, James B. Salvation in the Final Period of theDharma: The Inexhaustible Storehouse of the San-chieh-chiao, Ph. D. dissertation, Univer -sity of Wisoconsin-Madison, 1986. Shih Heng-ching, The Syncretism of Ch'an and Pure Land Buddhism, Ph. D. dissertation, Univer - sity of Wisoconsin-Madison, 1984. 50 ¦¹³B©Ò¿× Kiyota ®v¥Í¡A·íµM¥]§t Wisconsin ¨ä¥L±Ð ®v©Ò¶}³]ªº½Òµ{¡C¦p Geshe Sopa ¶}³]ªºÂäå¡mÄ_©Ê½× ¡n½Òµ{¥ç¼vÅT¾Ç¥Í¦Ü¹d¡C 51 Whalen Wai-lun Lai, The Awakening of Faith in Mahayana (Ta-ch'eng ch'i-hsin lun): A Study of the Unfolding of Sinitic Mahayana Motifs, Ph . D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1975. ­¶ 262 ¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð¦³Ãöªº§@«~¡C¡]ª`¢´¢±¡^¨ä¤¤¦³Ãö¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªº ¤å³¹¦p¤U¡G 1.) 1982 ¦~ "Sinitic Speculations on Buddha Nature: The Nirvana School" ¡q¤¤°ê¯Iºn©v¦ò©Ê«ä·Qªº¬ã°Q¡r 2.) 1987 ¦~ "Tao-sheng's Theory of Sudden Enlighten ment Re-examined" ¡q¹D¥Í¹y®©½×¦A±´¡r 3.) 1991 ¦~ "Buddha-nature and Human Nature" ¡q¦ò©Ê »P¤H©Ê¡r¡]ª`¢´¢²¡^ 2. Liu Ming-wood¹ù©ú¬¡ ¹ù©ú¬¡©ó¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¬¥§üÁF¤À®ÕªF¤è»y¤å¨t¡A¥D­×¤¤ °ê¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¡A¨ÃÀò±o³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡C¦­´Á¥H­^¤åµoªí¤F«Ü¦h¤å³¹ ¡Aªð¦^­»´ä¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¥ô±Ð«á¡A§Y¥H¤¤¤å¼g§@¬°¥D¡C¡]ª`¢´¢³ ¡^¨ä¦³Ãö¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨sªº­^¤å¤å³¹¡G 1.) 1982 ¦~ "The Doctrine of the Buddha-Nature in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra" ¡q¤j­¼¯Iºn¸g ªº¦ò©Ê±Ð¸q¡r 2.) 1984 ¦~ "The Problem of the Icchantika in the Mahaparinirvana Sutra" ¡q¤j­¼¯Iºn¸gªº¡u¤@ÄÄ´£¡v °ÝÃD¡r 3.) 1985 ¦~ "The Yogacara and Madhyamika Interpreta tions of the Buddha-nature ____________________________________________________ 52 ÁöµM¥Lªº§@«~¥þ¥H­^¤å¼¶¼g¡A¦ý¦]³£µÛ­«¦b¤¤°ê¦ò±Ðªº ¬ã¨s¡A¹ïÀ³¥Î¥~¤å¸ê®Æªº¤¤°ê¦ò¾ÇªÌ¦³¬Û·íµ{«×ªºÀ°§U ¡A©Ò¥H¶È¦C©ó¦¹¡C¨ä§@«~¦b»O¤j¦ò¾Ç¤¤¤ßªº¡u¦ò¾Çºô¸ô ¸ê®Æ®w¡v¡]http: //ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/SEARCH/srch. htm) ¥Ø«e¦¬¿ý¦³¤»¤Q¦h½g®Ñ¥Ø¡AŪªÌ¥i¦Û¦æ¬d¾\¡C 53 Whalen Laiªº­^¤åµÛ§@¡F "Sinitic Speculations on Buddha Nature: The Nirvana School," Philosophy East and West, vol. 32, no. 2, 1982. p. 135-149. "Tao-sheng's Theory of Sudden Enlightenment Re-examined, " Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Peter N. Grego -ry, ed.,1987, p.169-200. "Buddha-nature and Human Nature - A Disscussion of the Differences and Similarities between the Teachings of Confucianism and of Buddhism and Their Mutual Influence," Journal of Chinese Phil -osophy, vol.23, no.1,1991, p.3-33. 54 ¦b»O¤j¦ò¾Ç¤¤¤ßªº¡u¦ò¾Çºô¸ô¸ê®Æ®w¡v¡]http: //ccbs .ntu.edu.tw/SEARCH/srch.htm) ¤¤¦¬¿ý¦³¤Q¦h½gªº­^ ¤å§@«~¡A¥|¤Q¾l½gªº¤¤¤åµÛ§@¡C¡]¦]¸ê®Æ®wªº¸ê®ÆÀH®É ¼W·s¡A©Ò¥H¤£¸Ô¦C²Ó¥Ø¡C¡^ ­¶ 263 Concept in Chinese Buddhism" ¡q¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð°ßÃÑ»P¤¤ Æ[¹ï¦ò©Ê«ä·Qªº¸àÄÀ¡r 4.) 1989 ¦~ "The Early Development of the Buddha-Nature Doctrine in China" ¡q¦­´Á¤¤°ê¦ò©Ê ½×ªº¶}®i¡r¡]ª`¢´¢´¡^ 3. Shih Heng-ching ÄÀ«í²M ÄÀ«í²M¦b«Â´µ±d¨¯¤j¾Çªº³Õ¤h½×¤å¬° The Syncretism of Ch'an and Pure Land Buddhism ¡m¥Ã©ú©µ¹ØªºÁI²b ¿Ä¦X¡n¡A ¡]ª`¢´¢µ¡^ĶµÛ¦³¤¤­^¤å¦h½g¤å³¹¡A¦³Ãö¦p¨Ó ÂþǻP¦ò©Ê¬ã¨sªº­^¤å¤å³¹¦p¤U¡G 1.) 1988 ¦~ "The Significance of Tathagatagarbha: A Positive Expression of Sunyata" ¡q½×¦p¨ÓÂä§ªÅ©Ê ¸q¡r 2.) 1992 ¦~ "Tien-T'ai: Chih -I's Theory of Buddha Nature" ¡q´¼óªªº¦ò©Ê»¡¡r¡]ª`¢´¢¶¡^ ªk®v©ó 1985 ¦~ªð¥x«á¡A¦b»O¤j­õ¾Ç¨t¥ô±Ð¡A¦h¥H¤¤¤å µoªí¤å³¹¡A ¨Ã¶}±Â¡u¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡v¡A¬°»OÆW­º¶}·í¥N¦p ¨ÓÂþǬã¨s­·®ð¤§¥ý¡C¡]ª`¢´¢·¡^ ____________________________________________________ 55 Liu Ming-wood ¦³Ãö¦ò©Êªº­^¤åµÛ§@¡G "The Doctrine of the Buddha-Nature in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra," The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol.5, no.2, 1982, p.63-94. "The Problem of the Icchantika in the Mahaparinirvana Sutra , " Journal of the Interna tional Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 7 , no. 1, 1984, p.57~81. "The Yogacara and Madhyamika Interpretations of the Buddha-nature Concept in Chinese Buddhism, " Philosophy East and West, vol. 35, 1985.04, p.171-193 "The Early Development of the Buddha Nature Doctrine in China," Journal of Chinese Philosophy, vol.16, no.l, March, 1989, p.1-36. 56 ¥»½×¤å²{¥Xª©¬°®Ñ¡GShih Heng-ching The Syncretism of Ch'an and Pure Land Buddhism, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1992. 57 Shih Heng-ching¦³Ãö¦p¨ÓÂ꺭^¤åµÛ§@¡G "The Significance of Tathagatagarbha: A Positive Expression of Sunyata," Philosophical Review, vol.¢º. 1988, p.227-246. "Tien-T'ai: Chih -I's Theory of Buddha Nature--A Realistic and Humanistic Understanding of the Buddha," Buddha Nature, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International,1990,p.153-169. 58 ¥»¤å¯à¼¶ºc¦¨¤å¡A§¹¥þ­n·PÁ«í²Mªk®v©ó 1985 ¾Ç¦¨ªð °ê®É¡AÄâ¦^Â×´Iªº¸ê®Æ¡A¨Ã©ó»O¤j­õ¾Ç¨t¥¿¦¡Á¿±Â¡y¦p ¨ÓÂëä·Q¡z½Òµ{¡A¨Ï±o¦p¨ÓÂþǦb»OÆW¯à¦¨¬°¤@ªù­«­n ªº¦ò¾Ç¬ì¥Ø¡C ­¶ 264 Á`¤§¡A¥Ñ¤W­z¬ü°êªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂìã¨sªºÂ²¤¶¡A¥iª¾¨ä¼vÅT »P¤Þµoªº°ÝÃD¦p¤U¡G 1. ªñ¥N¬ü°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¼h­±¸û¼Ú¤é¾ÇªÌªº¬ã¨s­n¼s¡A ¥B§ó¦h­±©Ê¡C 2. M. Kiyota ®v¥Í¹ï·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¦³¬YºØµ{«×ªº¼v ÅT¡C 3.±q¤W­z¸ê®Æ¤¤¥i¬Ý¥X¥L­Ìªº¤@¨Ç½×ÂI¡G 1)Kiyota ®v¥ÍµÛ­«©ó¦p¨ÓÂìO§_¬°¤@¤¸½×ªº°Q½×¡C¡]ª` ¡@¢´¢¸¡^ 2)­«µøÂöǦp¨ÓÂýר媺¬ã°Q¡C 3)Ãö¤ß¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð¬°¥»¤g©Î¥~¶Çªº°ÝÃD¡C 4.Wisconsin ¬°¦è¤è¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº·Å§É¡G 1)úC¨¦¾Ë¬L1981¦~¦Ü1982¦~´¿¦bWisconsin±Ð¾Ç¡C 2)Pruning the Bodhi Tree ¤@®Ñªº½sµÛ»P®Ñ¤¤¦h¦ì¦è¤å §@ªÌ¡A¡]ª`¢µ¢¯¡^³£¬O²¦·~©ó¦¹¡C 3)Jamie Hubbard ¦b¤é¥»´¿»PªQ¥»¥v®Ô¬ã°Q¡m³Óö¥¸g¡nªº ¦p¨ÓÂðÝÃD¡C¡]ª`¢µ¢°¡^ ____________________________________________________ 59 ¨Ì¡m¦ò¥ú¤jÃã¨å¡nªº¸Ñ»¡¡G¤@¤¸½×¡A­^»y Monism¡C¤Z ¥H°ß¤@­ì²z»¡©ú¦t©z¥þÅ餧¨£¸Ñ¡AºÙ¬°¤@¤¸½×¡C§Y¿×¦t ©z¥@¬É¤§®Ú¥»¬°¤@¡A¦Ó¦t©z¸U¨Æ¸Uª«¬Ò·½©ó¦¹¤@¤¸¡C»P ¤G¤¸½×¡B¦h¤¸½×¬Û¹ï¦ÓºÙ¡A¬GºÙ¤@¤¸½×¡C¤G¤¸½×ªÌ¥D±i ¯«»P¥@¬É¡Bºë¯«»Pª«½è¡B¥»½è»P²{¶Hµ¥ªºµ´¹ï¹ï¥ß¡F¤@ ¤¸½×«h¿×¤@¤Á¬Ò¥Ñ¤@®Ú¥»­ì²z©Ò¥Í¦¨¡A¬GµL©Ò¿×¯«»P¥@ ¬É¡Bºë¯«»Pª«½è¤§¹ï¥ß¡C... ¥H¤W½Ñ½×¡A¬Ò¦³¨ä¥Ù¬Þ³B¡A¦ò±Ð¬°¸Ñ¨M¦¹¤@Äpµ²¡A¹EªÖ ©w¨äºA«×¤Î¥ß³õ¡A§Y¡G¤@·§§_©w¤@¤Áºë¯«¡Bª«½è¡B¯«¡B ©Î§Î¦Ó¤W¾Ç»¡¤§©T©w­ì²z¡C¤p­¼¦ò±Ð±Nºc¦¨¦UÃþ²{¶H¬É ¤§­n¯À¡]ªk¡^¥[¥H¤ÀÃþ¡A¦Ó¦³¤­¦ì¤C¤Q¤­ªk¡B¤­¦ì¦Êªk ¤§»¡¡F¦¨¬°¦h¤¸½×¤§¤@ªÌ¡C¤j­¼¦ò±Ð«h¥[¥Hºî¦X¡A¦ÓºÙ ¤§¬°¯u¦p¡Bªk©Ê¡B¹ê¬Û¡B¦ò©Ê¡B¦p¨ÓÂáB°ß¤ß¡B¤@©Àµ¥ ¡A¬G¬°¤@¤¸½×¡C¦Ü­Y½Ñ²{¶H¬É¤§®Ú¥»¡A«hµø¬°µL©ú»Pªü ¿à­CÃÑ¡C¦¹µL©úµ¥»P¯u¦p¤§Ãö«Y¡A´¿³Q½×½Ø¡C¤j©è¨¥¤§ ¡A¦ò±Ð©ó¤@¤¸¡B¤G¤¸¡B¦h¤¸µ¥·§©À¥¼¹Áµø¬°©T©w¤§¹êÅé ­ì²z¡A¦Ó¥H¡uµL¦Û©Ê¡v²Îµø¤§¡C¦¹¬°¦òªû©Ò«ù¦t©zÆ[¤§ °ò¥»ºA«×¡C¡]¤Þ¦Û¡GÄÀ·O©É½s¡A¡m¦ò¥ú¤jÃã¨å¡n¡A°ª¶¯ ¡G¦ò¥ú¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1989¡A­¶ 5¡C¡^ 60 ¦³Ãö¸ê®Æ½Ð°Ñ·Óµù79¡C 61 ¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ½Ð°Ñ¾\¡GHubbard, Jamie and Swanson, Paul ed. Pruning the Bodhi Tree: the Storm over Critical Buddhism, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997, p. xx - xxii. ­¶ 265 ¦]¦¹¡A±µµÛÀ³±q¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº¤¶²Ð¶}©l¡CµM¦b¦¹¤§«e ¡A¥»¤å¥ý´N¾ãÅé¦p¨ÓÂþǮѥا@¤@¤ñ¹ï¡A¥H«KŪªÌ°Ñ·Ó¡A¨Ã ®i²{¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬yµ{»Pµo®i¤è¦V¡C ¤­¡Bªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº°_·½»P¶}®i¬yµ{¹Ï ±N«e­z¦U¬q¦³Ãö¦p¨ÓÂþǪº®Ñ¥Ø¡A¥Ñ·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǤT¥» °_·½®Ñ¶}©l¡A¦A¿z¿ï¬ÛÃöªº®Ñ¥Ø¡A¨Ã¨Ì¦~¥N¦C¥X¤@¦p¨ÓÂÃ¾Ç ¶}®i¬yµ{¹Ï¡C±q¹Ï¥Ü¥i¬Ý¥X¡A¸g¥Ñ¤é¥»¡B¼Ú¬ü¾ÇªÌ¹ï¦p¨ÓÂà ¾Çªº¬ã¨s»P³°Äò¶}®i¡A¦Ü¤E¡³¦~¥N®É¡A¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¤w¨« ¦V¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v -- §å§P¦p¨ÓÂëD¦ò±Ðªº½×»¡»PÅG½×ªº¤è¦V ¡C¹Ï¥Ü¦p¤U¡G ¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ ¢x ·í¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº°_·½ ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢x 1931, ¢x ¢x Obermiller, E. ¢x ¢x ¡§The Sublime School of the Great ¢x ¢x Vehicle to Solvation¡¨ ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢x 1935, ¢x ¢x Bailey, H. W. and E. H. Johnston, ¢x ¢x A Fragment of the Uttaratantra ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢x 1950, ¢x ¢x Johnston, E. H.¡]¡®T.Chowdhury¡^ed. ¢x ¢xThe Ratnagotravibhaga Mahayanottaratantrawastra ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢|¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢} ¡õ ­¶ 266 ¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ ¢x ªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢x ¡õ ¢x ¢x ¼Ú¬ü ¤é¥» ¢x ¢x ¡õ ¡õ ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢|¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢} ¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢s¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ ¢x ®õ¦è¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i ¢x ¤é¥»¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i ¢x ¢u¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢q¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢t ¢x ¢x ¢x ¢x1956,Frauwallner E. ¡§Die Philosophie des ¢x1930, ±`½L¤j©w¡A¡m¦ò©ÊÇU¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x Buddhismus¡¨ ¢x1936, ¤ë½ü½å¶©¡A¡q¨s³º¤@­¼Ä_©Ê½× ¢x ¢x1957,Dutt,Nalinaksha. ¡§Tathagatagarbha¡¨ ¢x ÇR´NÇM¡r ¢x ¢x1966,Takasaki, Jikido. A Study of the ¢x1951, ¤s¤f¯q¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡r ¢x ¢x Ratnagotravibhaga¡]Uttaratantra¡^ ¢x1951, ³Ó¤S«T±Ð¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇUµoÇM ¢x ¢x1969,Seyfort Ruegg, David. La thuorie du ¢x ÇU´N¤@¦Ò¹î¡r ¢x ¢x Tathagatagarbha et du Gotra ¢x1958, ¦ò±Ð¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s©Ò½s¡A¡mº~ÂäTĶ ¢x ¢x1971,Schmithausen, Lambert. ¡§Philosophische ¢x ¹ï·Ó¦p¨ÓÂøg¡n ¢x ¢x Bemerkungen zum Ratnagotravibhaga¡¨ ¢x1959, ¦t¤«§B¹Ø¡A¡mÄ_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x1971,Abe, Masao. ¡§Dogen on Buddha Nature¡¨ ¢x1961, ¤¤§ø·ç¶©¡A¡m±ëº~¹ï·Ó¨s³º¤@­¼ ¢x ¢x1973,Seyfort Ruegg, David. Le traitu du ¢x Ä_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x Tathagatagarbha de Bu ston Rin chen grub ¢x1967, ¤¤§ø·ç¶©¡A¡m±ë©M¹ï·Ó¨s³º¤@­¼ ¢x ¢x1974,Wayman, Alex. and Wayman, Hideko. The ¢x Ä_©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x Lion's Roar of Queen Wrimala ¢x1969, ¤p¤t¤@­¼¡A¡mÇ~ÇïÇŤj­¼¦ò±ÐÇR ¢x ¢x1974,Paul, Diana. Y. A Prolegomena to the ¢x ¢x ¢x Wrimala devi Sutra and the Tathagata ¢x ¢x ¢x garbha Theory ¢x ¢x ¢x1977,Seyfort Ruegg, David. ¡§The Gotra, ¢x ¢x ¢x Ekayana ¢x ¢x ¢|¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢r¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢} ­¶ 267¡@¡@ ¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢s¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ ¢x and Tathagatagarbha Theories of ¢x ÆðÆ÷Çr¦p¨ÓÂáB¦ò©ÊÇU¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x Prajbaparamita According to Dharmamitra ¢x1974, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§Î¦¨¡G ¢x ¢x and Abhayakaragupta¡¨ ¢x ¤j­¼¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x1979,Holmes, K. The Changeless Nature ¢x1975, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¤j­¼¦ò¨å. 12¡G¦p¨Ó¢x ¢x1979,Grosnick, William. Dogen's View of the ¢x Âèt¸g¨å¡n ¢x ¢x Buddha-Nature ¢x1977, ªZ¨¶©|¨¹¡A¡m¦ò©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x1981,King, Sallie B. The Active Self ¢x1980, ªø§À¶®¤H¡AúG¤s¶¯¤@ºÊ­×¡A¡m¦p ¢x ¢x1981,Kiyota,Minoru.¡§Tathagatagarbha Thought ¢x ¨ÓÂèt¸g¨å¡n ¢x ¢x ¡X A Buddhist Experiential Philosophy¡¨ ¢x1982, ¤p¤t¤@­¼¡A¡m¦ò©Ê«ä·Q¡n ¢x ¢x1982,Liu, Ming-wood. ¡§The Doctrine of the ¢x1982, ¥­¤t¹üµ¥½s¡A¡mÁ¿®y¤j­¼¦ò±Ð. 6 ¢x ¢x Buddha-Nature in the Mahayana ¢x ¡G¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡n ¢x ¢x Mahaparinirvana Sutra¡¨ ¢x1985, ¤[¤U°¥¡A¡m¤@­¼¦ò©ÊÅv¹ê½×ÇU¬ã ¢x ¢x1983,Grosnick, William. ¡§Cittaprakrti and ¢x ¨s¡n ¢x ¢x Ayonisomanaskara in the ¢x1985, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦ò©Ê¦ó¡n ¢x ¢x Ratnagotravibhaga" ¢x1985, ¦N¬z©y­^¡A¡mµØÄY«ä·Q¥vªº¬ã¨s¡n¢x ¢x1985,Kizuta, Minoru. ¡§Tathagatagarbha ¢x1987, ¤º¤s¿³¥¿¡A¡m¦ò©Ê¨ý¡G¥¿ªk²´Âán¢x ¢x Thought¡¨ ¢x1988, ´I¶Q­ì³¹«H¡A¡m¤¤°ê¤é¥»¦ò©Ê«ä ¢x ¢x1986,Thurman, Robert A. F. ¡§Tathagatagarbha¡¨¢x ·Q¥v¡n ¢x ¢x1988,Heng-ching Shih. ¡§The significance of ¢x1988, ±æ¤ë¨}®Ì¡A¡m¤j­¼¯Iºn¸g¬ã¨s¡n ¢x ¢x Tathagatagarbha¡¨ ¢x1988, ¾î¶W¼z¤é¡A¡m¯Iºn¸g¡G¦p¨Ó±`¦í ¢x ¢x1988,Thrangu Rimpoche. Buddha Nature ¢x ÇO±x¦³¦ò©Ê¡n ¢x ¢x1989,Thrangu Rimpoche. A Commentary on the ¢x ¢x ¢x Uttara Tantra Sastra ¢x ¢x ¢x1990,Griffiths, Paul J. And John Keenan ed. ¢x ¢x ¢x Buddha Nature Treatise ¢x ¢x ¢x1990,Heng-ching Shih. ¡§T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's ¢x ¢x ¢x Theory of Buddha Nature¡¨ ¢x ¢x ¢x1991,Brown, Brian Edward. Buddha Nature A ¢x ¢x ¢|¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢r¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢} ­¶ 268 ¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢s¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ ¢x Study of the Tathagatagarbha and ¢x1988, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q. ¢×¡n ¢x ¢x Alayavijbana ¢x1989, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q. ¢º¡n ¢x ¢x1991,H. S. Prasad ed. The Uttaratantra of ¢x1989, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡mÄ_©Ê½×¡n ¢x ¢x Maitreya ¢x ¢x ¢x1991,Hookham,S. K. The Buddha Within ¢x ¢x ¢x1992,Ruegg, David Seyfort. Buddha Nature, ¢x ¢x ¢x Mind and the Problem of Gradualism in ¢x ¢x ¢x a Comparative Perspective ¢x ¡õ ¢x ¢|¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢r¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢} ¢z¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢{ ¢x ¤é¥»¡B¼Ú¬ü¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¶}®i ¢x ¢x ¡õ ¢x ¢x ªñ¦~¨Ó¦p¨ÓÂþǪº·s¨«¦V ¢x ¢|¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢} ¡õ ªñ¥N¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¨«¦V--¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v 1989, ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡A¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ--¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§å§P¡n 1989, ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡A¡mÁI«ä·QÇU¬ã¨s§å§P¡n 1989, úC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡A¡m¥»Ä±«ä·Q§å§P¡n 1989, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q. ¢º¡n¡A­¶372¡V376¡C 1990, ¥­¤t¹ü½s¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂÃÇO¤j­¼°_«H½×¡n¡A­¶78¡V88¡C 1990, úC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡A¡m§å§P¦ò±Ð¡n 1990, ¥Ð§øªÚ®Ô¡A¡m¥»Ä±«ä·Q½×¡n 1991, Schmithausen, Lambert. Buddhism and Nature 1991, ²L¤«¶ê¹D½s¡A¡m¥»Ä±«ä·QÇU·½¬yÇO®i¶}¡n ­¶ 269 1992, ¥ìÃö©¹Ø¡A¡m¤¤°ê¦ò±ÐÇU§å§Pªº¬ã¨s¡n 1992, úC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡A¡m¹D¤¸ÇO¦ò±Ð -- ¤Q¤G¨÷¥»¥¿ªk²´ÂÃÇU¹D ¤¸¡n 1993, ¥½¤ì¤å¬ü¤h¡A¡m¤é¥»¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¥v½×¦Ò¡n 1993, Swanson, Paul. ¡§ Zen is not Buddhism: Recent Japanese Critiques of Buddha ¡V Nature ¡¨ 1993, Heine, Steven. ¡§ Critical Buddhism and the Debate Concerning the 75 ¡V fascicle and the 12 ¡V fascicle Shobogenso Texts ¡¨ 1993, Hubbard, Jamie. ¡§ A Critical Appraisal of Critical Buddhism ¡¨ 1993, Lusthaus, Dan. ¡§ Critical Buddhism: Returning to the Sources ¡¨ 1993, Yamabe, Nobuyoshi. ¡]¤s³¡¯à©y¡^¡§ The Critique of 'Dhatu ¡V vada' in Critical Buddhism ¡¨ 1994, Gregory, Peter. ¡§ Tsung ¡V mi and the Problem of Hongaku Shisg ¡¨ 1994, ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡A¡mÁI«ä·QÇU§å§Pªº¬ã¨s¡n 1994, úC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡A¡m°ßÃÑÇU¸ÑÄÀ¾Ç -- ¡u¸Ñ²`±K¸g¡vÇyŪÇg ¡n 1994, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q³Ìªñ¤Q¦~ÇU¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡r 1995, Seyfort Ruegg, David. ¡§ Some Reflectios on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism ¡¨ 1995, §f³Í¤å¡A¡m·í¥N¤é¥»¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¬ã¨s¡G¥H¡u½t°_¡v ¡B¡u dhatu ¡V vada ¡v¬°¤¤¤ß¤§¬Ù¹î¡n 1995, ªLÂí°ê¡A¡q¦ò±Ð­õ¾Ç¥i¥H¬O¤@ºØ§å§P­õ¾Ç¶Ü¡H-- ²{ ¥NªF¨È¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v«ä¼éªº«ä·Q¥v¬Ù¹î¡r¡A 1996, Lin, Chen ¡V kuo, ¡§ A Tale of Two Buddhisms: Metaphysics, Suffering and Modernity ¡¨ 1996, Matsumoto, Shiro. ¡]ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡^¡§ Critique of Tathagatagarbha Thought in Buddhist Philosophy ¡¨ 1997, °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q§ïª©ÇR·íÇJÇM¡r¡A¡m¼W¸É·sª©¦ò©ÊÇOÇV ¦óÆñ¡n ­¶ 270 ¤»¡B§å§P¦ò±Ð¡]Critical Buddhism¡^ 1997, Hubbard, Jamie and Swanson, Paul ed. Pruning the Bodhi Tree: the Storm over Critical Buddhism.¡]ª`¢µ¢±¡^ (¤@) ¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº°_¦]»P²¤¶ ±q¤Wªí±oª¾¡A1989 ¦~¦b¤é¥»¦³¨â¥»§å§P¦ò¾Çªº®Ñ¥Xª© ¡A¤@¬O¾s¿A¤j¾ÇªQ¥»¥v®Ôªº¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ -- ¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§å§P ¡n¡A¡]ª`¢µ¢²¡^¤@¬°úC¨¦¾Ë¬Lªº¡m¥»Ä±«ä·Q§å§P¡n¡C¡]ª`¢µ ¢³¡^¦¹¤G®Ñ¶}©l±N¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¾É¦V¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº¸ô½u¡C ±µµÛ¡A1990 ¦~úC¨¦¦A¥Xª©¤@¥»¡m§å§P¦ò±Ð¡n¡A¥Ñ©ó¦¹®Ñ¦W ªºÃö«Y¡A¦¹«áÃö©ó¦ò±Ðªº§åµû¥¿¦¡³QºÙ¬°¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¡C¥i ª¾±q¤E¡³¦~¥H«á¡A¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¡A¶É¦V©ó¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¡] Critical Buddhism¡^ªº¬ã°Q¡A¥B¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¤@µüªñ¦~¨Ó ¤w¦¨¬°¦ò¾Ç¬É·s«ä¼éªº¤@­Ó±M¦³¦Wµü¡C¨ä¥D­nªº¶D¨D¬°¡u¦p ¨ÓÂëä·Q«D¦ò±Ð¡v¡A³s±aªº¡A¥H¦ò©Ê«ä·Q¬°¥Dªº¤¤°ê¦ò±Ð¤] ¤£¬O¦ò±Ð¡I¨ä¹ï¡u¦p¨ÓÂáv»P¡u¦ò©Ê¡vªº±Ð»¡¦³±j¯Pªº§å§P ¡A¥B¹ï¤¤°ê»P¤é¥»¥_¶Ç¦ò±Ð¦³·¥²`ªº¼vÅT¡C¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vÁö ¦W¬°¹ï¦ò±Ð¾ãÅ骺§å§P¡A¦ý¨ä¹ê¥u¬O¹ï¦ò©Ê©Î¦p¨ÓÂñиqªº §å§P¡A©Î¥i»¡¬O°w¹ï¦ò±Ð¡u¤@¤¸½×¡vªº§å§P¡C ¼vÅT¦ò±Ð±Ð¸q¬Æ²`ªº¤é¥»ªñ¥N¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¬O¦ó®É¶}©l ªº¡H¨ÌªQ¥»¥v®Ôªº»¡ªk¡A¥L»{¬°¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v°_¦]©ó 1979 ¦~±ä¬}©v¯µ®Ñªø­Ý¤é¥»¦ò±Ð·|ªøªº ____________________________________________________ 62 ¥H¤W®Ñ¥Ø½Ð°Ñ¾\§ù¥¿¥Á¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¤p¥v -- ¦p¨Ó ÂþǮѥز¤¶»P¾ÉŪ¡]¤W¡B¤U¡^¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¹Ï®ÑÀ]À]°T ¡n¡A²Ä 10/11 ´Á¤Î²Ä 12 ´Á¡A1997¡C¤£¦P©ó¥»¤å¡A¦¹ ¤W¤U¨â½g¤å³¹¦p½g¦W¤ª¡A¬O¥H¤¶²Ð¦p¨ÓÂþǮѥج°¥D¡A ¬G¦³Ãö®Ñ¥Ø¥X³B»P¸Ô²Ó¸ê®Æ½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¸Ó¤å¡C 63 ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡A¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ -- ¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§å§P¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G ¤jÂÃ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1989¡C¦b¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¦³Ãöªº¤å³¹¤¤¡AÀ³ ¥HªQ¥»¥v®Ôªº¡q³Óö¥¸gÇU¤@­¼«ä·QÇRÇKÆêÇM¡G¤@­¼«ä·Q ÇU¬ã¨s¡]¤T¡^¡r¡A¡m¾s¿A¤j¾Ç¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³¡¬ã¨s¬ö­n¡n¡A²Ä ¥|¤@¸¹¡A1983¡C¡]²{¦¬¿ý©ó¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ -- ¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q §å§P¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¤jÂÃ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1989¡A­¶ 299 ¡V 371¡C ¡^¬°³Ì¦­¥X¥Zªº¤å³¹¡C 64 úC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡A¡m¥»Ä±«ä·Q§å§P¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¬K¬îªÀ¡A1989¡C ­¶ 271 Ëm¥Ð©v¤Ò¦b¡u²Ä¤T©¡¥@¬É©v±Ð»P©M¥­·|ij¡v¤¤¡A¦]§_»{¤é¥» ªÀ·|¦³§C¤U¶¥¼h®t§O©ÊªººØ±Úª[µø»P®t§O«Ý¹Jªº²{¶Hµ¥¡A¦Ó ¤Þ°_¡u³¡¸¨¸Ñ©ñ¦P·ù¡v·¥ºÝªº¤£º¡¡A¨ÃÁ|¦æ¦h¦¸ªº§Üij¬¡°Ê ¡C¨Ï±o±ä¬}©vªº»â¾É¤Hª«¬°¸Ñ¨M³o¡u®t§O¨Æ¶H¡vªº®Ú·½¡A©ó 1983 ¦~°w¹ï¡uËm¥Ð©v¤Ò¨Æ¥ó¡v¡A¶}©lµÛ¤â¨â¥ó¨Æ¡G ²Ä¤@¡B¶}©l»{¯u½Õ¬d±ä¬}©v®t§O²{¶Hªº¯u¥¿±¡ªp¡C ²Ä¤G¡B©ó¦ò±Ð±Ð¸q¤¤´M§äªÀ·|®t§O²{¶Hªº«ä·Q­I´º¡C ¨Ã©ó 1984 ¦~¥ô©RúC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡BªQ¥»¥v®Ô¤Î¨ä¥L¤»¦ì¦b¾s ¿A¤j¾Ç¦ò¾Ç¨tªº±Ð±Â¦¨¥ß¡u±ä¬}©v±Ð¾Ç¼fij·|²Ä¤G±M°Ý³¡·| ¡v¡A´N¤W­z²Ä¤G¶µªºªÀ·|®t§O²{¶H´M§ä¦ò±Ð±Ð¸qªº«ä·Q­I´º ¡C·í®É¥L­Ì©ÒÀ³°Q½×ªº¤º®e¬O¨Ì¡q­×µý¸q¡r¸Ñ»¡ªÀ·|®t§O²{ ¶H»P¦ò±Ð±Ð¸q¡u·~¡vªºÃö«Y¬°¥D¡CµM¦Ó¡A¥L­Ìªº°Q½×«á¨Ó«o ¶W¹L¤F³o­Ó½×ÃD¡A¦³¤F¤£¦P©ó¦¹ªº§å§P¤è¦V¡C¡]ª`¢µ¢´¡^¦] ¦¹¡A¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¤D¬O¤é¥»·s¤@¥N¾ÇªÌ¹ï¡uËm¥Ð¨Æ¥ó¡vªº­« ·s¤Ï¬Ù©Ò­P¡C (¤G) ¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº½×ÂI--¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q«D¦ò±Ð ³o¼fij·|ªº¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A¥i±qúC¨¦¾Ë¬L 1986 ¦~¡q®t§Oªº ¨Æ¶HÇy¥ÍÇf¥XÆýÇF«ä·Qªº­I´ºÇRÃöÇ@Çr¨p¨£¡r¤@¿sºÝ­Ù¡C¥¦ ¬O²Ä¤@½g§å§P©Ò¿×¡u¦ò±Ð«ä·Q»PªÀ·|°ÝÃD¡vªº¤å³¹¡A¦¹¤åªº ½×ÂI¥D­n¬O°w¹ï¤é¥»¡uËm¥Ð¨Æ¥ó¡v¡A±q¦ò±Ð®{ªº¥ß³õ§å§P¡u ¥»Ä±¡v«ä·Q¡A¥L»{¬°¥»Ä±«ä·Q¬O¡uªÀ·|®t²§²{¶H¡vªº«ä·Q­I ´º¡A¥B»{¬°¥»Ä±«ä·Q¤£¬O¯u¥¿ªº¦ò±Ð¡C¦Ó­«­nªº¬O¡A¦¹ªÀ·| ®t§O²{¶H¥D­n¬O±ä¬}©v ____________________________________________________ 65 Ãö©óËm¥Ð©v¤Ò»P¡u³¡¸¨¸Ñ©ñ¦P·ù¡v¨Æ¥óªº­ì©e½Ð°Ñ¾\¡G William Bodiford,¡§Zen and the Art of Religious Prejudice : Efforts to Reform a Tradition of Social Discrimination,¡¨ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol.23 no.1¡V2, Spring 1996, p.1¡V27. Matsumoto, Shiro.¡]ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡^ ¡§Critique of Tathagatagarbha Thought in Buddhist Philosophy.¡¨ Panel papaer on ¡§The Critical Buddhism¡¨, delivered at The Third Annual Meeting of the International Association for Asian Philosophy and Religion¡]²Ä¤T©¡°ê»Ú¨È¬w­õ¾Ç»P©v±Ð¾Ç·|¦~·|¡^ ¡A»O¥_¡G°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¡A1996¡C ­¶ 272 ©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¡A©Ò¥H¥L»{¬°±ä¬}©vªº­×¦æ½T¹ê¬O¦³®t§Oªº²{¶H¡C ¶i¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A¦³«Ü¦h²{¶H¬O¦]¬°¥»©vªº©M©|©Ò¤Þ°_ªº¡X¦]¬°¥L ­Ì¶Ç¼½¥»Ä±«ä·Q¡C¡]ª`¢µ¢µ¡^úC¨¦¦­´Áªº§å§P²ªR¦p¤U¡G 1.¥»Ä±«ä·Q¬OªÀ·|®t²§²{¶Hªº«ä·Q­I´º¡C 2.¥»Ä±«ä·Q¤£¬O¦ò±Ð¡C 3.±ä¬}©vªº³Ð©lªÌ¹D¤¸ÁI®v¡A¦b¥L¦­´Á§@«~¡m¥¯¹D¸Ü¡n ¤¤´¿§å§P¥»Ä±«ä·Q¡C 4.µLµø©ó¹D¤¸ªº§å§P¡A¹D¤¸ªº®{§Ì­Ì -- ±ä¬}ªº©M©|«o ¶}©l¶Ç¼½¥»Ä±«ä·Q¡C 5.¦¹®t²§ªº­×¦æªk»P¨Æ¥ó¡A¬O±ä¬}©vªº±ä¬}©M©|©Ò¤Þµo ªº¡C¤§«á¥L¤S¥[¤W¡G¡]ª`¢µ¢¶¡^ 6.¹D¤¸¹ï¥»Ä±«ä·Qªº§å§P¡A¦b¨ä«á´Áªº¤Q¤G¨÷¥»¡m¥¿ªk ²´Âán¤¤¡A¦³§ó§¹¾ãªº³¯­z¡C 7.¹D¤¸¦b¤Q¤G¨÷¥»ªº­«­n½×ÂI¡A«h¦b©ó¡q²`«H¦]ªG¡r½g ¡C¡]ª`¢µ¢·¡^ ÁöµM¡A¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¾ÇªÌªº§å§P¨¤«×¦U¦³¤£¦P¡A¦ý¨ä®Ú ¥»ÂI¡A´N¦pªQ¥»©Ò»¡ªº¡u¦b«Ü¦hÆ[ÂI¤W¡A§Ú»PúC¨¦¨Ã¤£§¹¥þ ¬Û¦P¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤£¥i§_»{ªº¡A§Ú­Ì¬O©¼¦¹¦³¼vÅT¡A¥B¦b¦ò¾Ç»{ ª¾¤è­±¦³«Ü¦hªº¬Û¦ü¡C§Ú­Ì¤§¶¡¦³¤@­«­nªº¬Û¦PÂI¡A¨º´N¬O ¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·Qªº§å§P¡C¡v¡]ª`¢µ¢¸¡^¦]¦¹¥i¬Ý¥X¡A¡u§å§P¦ò ±Ð¡v©Ò§å§Pªº¹ï¶H¡A¥D­n¬O°w¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡C ¤µ¸Õ´NªQ¥»ªºµÛ§@¡A²z¸Ñ¨ä§å§P¦p¨ÓÂ꺰ò¥»¥ß³õ¡C 1983 ¦~ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¦b¡q³Óö¥¸gÇU¤@­¼«ä·QÇRÇKÆêÇM¡G¤@­¼«ä ·QÇU¬ã¨s¡^¤å¤¤¡A­º¦¸´£¥X¤@­¼¬°¡u¦]¡v ____________________________________________________ 66 úC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡A¡q®t§Oªº¨Æ¶HÇy¥ÍÇf¥XÆýÇF«ä·Qªº­I´ºÇRÃö Ç@Çr¨p¨£¡r¡A¡m¾s¿A¤j¾Ç¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³¡¬ã¨s¬ö­n¡n¡A²Ä¥|¥| ¸¹¡A1986¡A­¶ 198 ¡V 216¡C¡]²{¦¬¿ý©ó¡m¥»Ä±«ä·Q§å §P¡n¡A­¶ 134 ¡V 158¡C¡^ 67 1992 ¦~¡AúC¨¦¾Ë¬L¥Xª©¤F¡m¹D¤¸ÇO¦ò±Ð¡n¡A´N¹D¤¸ªº ¤Q¤G¨÷¥»¡m¥¿ªk²´Âán¹ï§å§P¦ò±Ð§@®Ú¥»¤Wªº¸Ñ»¡¡A½T »{¹D¤¸ªº°ò¥»½×ÂI¬°¡q²`«H¦]ªG¡r½gªº½t°_»¡¡C 68 ºK¿ý¦Û¡GMatsumoto, Shiro. ¡]ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡^¡§ Critique of Tathagatagarbha Thought in Buddhist Philosophy. ¡¨ Panel papaer on ¡§ The Critical Buddhism ¡¨, delivered at The Third Annual Meeting of the International Association for Asian Philosophy and Religion ¡]²Ä¤T©¡°ê»Ú¨È¬w­õ ¾Ç»P©v±Ð¾Ç·|¦~·|¡^¡A»O¥_¡G°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¡A1996¡C 69 ¦P«eµù¡C ­¶ 273 ¡]hetu¡^ªº¡u°òÅé¡v (locus )§å§P­õ¾Ç»¡¡A¶}©l¾É¦V§å§P ¦ò±Ðªº¸ô½u¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢¯¡^¤§«á¥L¦b¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ -- ¦p¨ÓÂà «ä·Q§å§P¡n ¤@®Ñ¤¤¦³§ó¸ÔºÉªº»¡©ú¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b¡q¦p¨ÓÂÃ«ä ·Q«D¦ò±Ð¡r¤@¤å¤¤¡A¥L¨Ì¡u¤@¤Á²³¥Í¬Ò¦³¦ò©Ê¡] buddhadhaatu¡^¡v ªº¡u©Ê¡v¡]dhaatu¡^¦r­ì¸q«ü¡u©ñ¸mªº ³õ©Ò¡v¡A§Y¡u°òÅé¡v (locus) ªº·N«ä¡C¥L»{¬°³o¨Ç¥Î»y³£ ¨S¦³¡u¥»©Ê¡v¡B ¡u¥»½è¡vªº·N«ä¡A©Ò¥H¤£¯à§â¦ò©Ê¸Ñ»¡¬° ¡u¦òªº¥»©Ê¡v¡B¡u¦òªº¥»½è¡v©Î¡u¦¨¦òªº¥i¯à©Ê¡v¡C ¦]¦¹ ¡AªQ¥»Ä~Äò»¡¡A¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q«Ü©úÅ㪺¡A¬O¦³ "dhaatu" ¡u °òÅé¡v (locus) ¤§·N¡A©Ò¥H¥L»{¬°¦p¨ÓÂ꺥»½è´N¬O " dhaatu ¡V vada"¡A¦Ó dhaatu ¡V vaada ¤]´N¬O¡u°ò Å黡¡v¡]the theory of locus¡^¡CÁ`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡AªQ¥»»{¬° dhaatu ¡V vaada ªºµ²ºc¡A²³æªº»¡´N¬O«ü¡u³æ¤@ªº¹ê ¦b°òÅé¡]locus ¡^ ¥Í°_¦h¤¸ªº½Ñªk¡]dharma¡^¡v¡C¦Ó©Ò¿× ¡u½t°_»¡¡v¬O»P©Ó»{¡u°ß¤@¹ê¦bªº¸Uª«®Ú·½¡v¤§ "dhaatu ¡V vaada" ½×ÂI¬Û¤Ï¡A¦]¦¹ªQ¥»¤U©w½×»¡¡A¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¡] dhatu ¡V vada¡^¥¿¬O¦ò±Ð¡u½t°_»¡¡v©Ò§å§Pªº¹ï¶H¡A©Ò ¥H¡A¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¤£¬O¦ò±Ð¡I ªQ¥»¨Ã¥H¥H¤U¤TÂI§@¬°¸Ó¤åªºµ²½×¡G 1. ¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q´N¬Odhaatu¡Vvaada¡C 2. dhaatu ¡V vaada ¬OÄÀ´L§å§Pªº¹ï¶H¡F¦ò±Ð¡]½t°_ »¡¡^¬O§_©w dhaatu ¡V vaada ªº¡C 3. ¤µ¤éªº¤é¥»¦ò±Ð¡A¥u¦³«ùÄòªº¤Ï¹ï¦p¨ÓÂëä·Qªº¡A ¤~¬O¡]¯u¥¿ªº¡^¦ò±Ð¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢°¡^ (¤T) ¹ï¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº§å§P--¦p¨ÓÂþǾǪ̪ºµªÅG ¹ï©óªQ¥»©Ò§@ªºµ²½×¡A·íµM¨Ã¤£·|¬°¦p¨ÓÂþǾǪ̩ұµ ¨ü¡A¦]¦¹¦³§å§P´N¦³µªÅG¡A¬O¥H¦b§å§P¦ò±Ðªº¶}®i¤¤¡A´N¦³ ¡u§å§P§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº¤å³¹¥X²{¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢±¡^¨ä ____________________________________________________ 70 ªQ¥»¥v®Ôªº¡q³Óö¥¸gÇU¤@­¼«ä·QÇRÇKÆêÇM¡G¤@­¼«ä·QÇU ¬ã¨s¡]¤T¡^¡r¡A¡m¾s¿A¤j¾Ç¦ò¾Ç¾Ç³¡¬ã¨s¬ö­n¡n¡A²Ä¥| ¤@¸¹¡A1983¡C¡]²{¦¬¿ý©ó¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ -- ¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§å §P¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¤jÂÃ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1989¡C­¶ 299 ¡V 371¡C¡^ 71 ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡A¡m½t°_ÇOªÅ -- ¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q§å§P¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G ¤jÂÃ¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1989¡A­¶ 1-9¡C 72 Ãö©ó¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªºµªÅG¡A¤@¯ëºÙ¤§¬°¡u§å§P§å§P¦ò±Ð ¡v¡A¤µ¨Ì§Ç¦C¥X®Ñ¥Ø¦p¤U¡G°ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q¸Ñ»¡¡r¡A¡m¦p ¨ÓÂëä·Q. ¢º¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1989¡A­¶ 372 ¡V 376 ¡C¥Ð§øªÚ®Ô¡A¡m¥»Ä±«ä·Q½×¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¬K¬îªÀ¡A 1990¡C ­¶ 274 ¤¤¡A¥H¦p¨ÓÂþÇÅv«Â°ª±Tª½¹DªºµªÅG¸û¨ã¥Nªí©Ê¡A¯÷Âà¿ý©ó ¤U¡G °ª±T«ü¥X¡AªQ¥»ªº¥ß³õ­Y¥H¦L«×¦ò±Ð¥v¨Ó¬Ý¡A¤£¥~¬O±q ¤¤Æ[¬£ªº¥ß³õ¡A¨Ó±Æ°£¤@¤Á¡u¦³¡vªº½×ÂI¡A¶i¦Ó¤Ï¹ï·ì¦÷¦æ ¬£©M¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¤¤¡A©ÒÄ­§tµÛ¡u¹ê¦³¡v¤Æªº¶É¦V¡CµM¦Ó¡A¾¨ ºÞ¤¤Æ[¾Ç¬£´¿§å§P¹L³o¨Ç«ä·Q¡A¦ý¬O¨º¤]¥u¤£¹L»¡¦Û¬£¤~¬O ¤F¸q¡A¥L¬£«ä·Q¬O¤£¤F¸q¡A§å§P¥L®a¾Ç»¡¬°¤è«K»¡½}¤F¡A³Ì «á¨ÌµMµø¤§¬°¤j­¼¦ò±Ðªº¤@³¡¤À¨Ã¥[¥H±µ¨ü¡C±q¥¼Å¥¨ì¤¤Æ[ ¬£»¡¹L³o¨Ç«ä·Q¤£¬O¦ò±Ð¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤S¥H¦èÂæò±Ð¥v¬°¨Ò¡A¹³ ©v³Ø¤Ú¥H¤¤Æ[«ä·Q¬°¥¿»¡¡A¨Ã¹ï©ó°ßÃÑ«ä·Q¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q¹ý©³ ¦a§å§Pªº¾ú¥v¨Æ¹ê¦Ó¨¥¡A¨ä³Ì«áµ²ªG¥ç¬O§â°ßÃÑ«ä·Q©M¦p¨Ó Âëä·Qµø¬°¦èÂäj­¼¦òªkªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¦ü¥G¤]¨SÅ¥¹L³o¨Ç«ä·Q ¤£¬O¦ò±Ðªº»¡ªk¡C´N¦¹¦Ó½×¡A°ª±T»{¬°ªQ¥»¥H¡u dhatu ¡V vada ¡vªººc³y§@¬°¬É©w¦óªÌ¬O¦ò±Ð¡B¦óªÌ«D¦ò±ÐªºÆ[ÂI¡A ³o¥i»¡¬O¯Ê¥F¾ú¥vªº¦Ò¹î¡A¦Ó¯ÂµM¬OºØ«ä·Q©Ò³]©wªºÃþ«¬¡A ¦]¦¹¨ä¹ê®Ä©Ê¬O­¿¨ü½èºÃªº¡C ¦¹¥~¡A°ª±Tµo²{ªQ¥»¹ï¦ò±Ðªº©w¸q¡A¤]¤Ó¹L¯U¹i¡C¥L´£ ¨ì¡G¡uªQ¥»©Ò¿×¦ò±Ð¡A¥i»¡¶È­­©ó¦òªûªº±Ðªk¤¤¤£´¿³Q§_©w ¤§³Ì¤Ö­­«×ªº±Ð¾É¡A½Ñ¦p¹³¬O½Ñ ____________________________________________________ ¥­¤t¹ü¡A¡q¦p¨ÓÂëä·QÇOÇV¦óÆñ¡r¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂÃÇO¤j­¼°_ «H½×¡n¡AªF¨Ê¡G¬K¬îªÀ¡A1990¡A­¶ 78 ¡V 88¡B94 ¡V 100¡C Schmithausen, Lambert. "Buddhism and Nature: The Lecture Delivered on the Occasion of the EXPO 1990, " Studia Philologica Buddhica, Occasional Paper Series VII. Tokyo: The International Insti -tute for Buddhist Studies, 1991. Yamabe, Nobuyoshi. ¡]¤s³¡¯à©y¡^¡§ The Critique of 'Dhatu ¡V vada' in Crtitial Buddhism. ¡¨ Panel Paper on ¡§ Critical Buddhism (Hihan Bukkyo ): Issues and Responses to a New Meth -odological movement ¡¨, delivered at the AAR Conference on November 1993. °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q³Ìªñ¤Q ¦~ÇU¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡n¡A²Ä¤T¤Q¤»¸¹¡AªF¨Ê¡G¦ò±Ð «ä·Q¾Ç·|¡A1994¡A­¶ 1 ¡V 18¡C Seyfort Ruegg, David. ¡§ Some Reflectios on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism. ¡¨ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 18/2, 1995, p. 145 ¡V 81.¡F °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q§ïª©ÇR·íÇJÇM¡r¡A¡m¼W¸É·sª©¦ò©ÊÇOÇV¦ó Æñ¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1997¡C ­¶ 275 ªkµL¦æµL±`©M¨å«¬ªº¤Q¤G¦]½t¡A©ÎªÌ¬O«D¤@¤¸½×©Î¦h¤¸½×ªº ¦ò±Ð¥ß³õ¡C¡v¦]¦¹¡A°ª±T±µµÛ±À´ú¡A¤]³\¹³¤¤Æ[¬£©Ò¿×ªº¡u ³Ó¸q¿Í¡v¬Æ¦Ü³£·|¦¨¬°ªQ¥»§å§Pªº¹ï¶H¡A¨Ã¥B¦¹¤@§å§P±NÂX ¤Î¨ì¦ò±Ð¶Ç²Î¤¤ªº¥ô¦óÆ[ÂI¡A²×¦Ó¥D±i¤£©Ó»{¥ô¦óªº»ù­È¡A ¸¨¤JµêµL¥D¸q¸Ì¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢²¡^ °ò©ó¤W­z²z¥Ñ¡A°ª±Tª½¹D©ó·s¥Xª©ªº¡m¼W¸É·sª©¦ò©ÊÇO ÇV¦óÆñ¡n¤¤»¡¡AÁö·\¹ïªÀ·|ªº´Á«Ý¡A¦ý¹ï©ó¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¨Ã ¤£·Q¥t¤åµªÅG¡A¥L½ÐŪªÌ°Ñ¦Ò¨ä¡q³Ìªñ¤Q¦~ÇU¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡r§Y¥i ¡A¨ä¤£Ä@¦A§@µªÅGªººA«×¥Ñ¦¹¥iª¾¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢³¡^ (¥|) ¦è¤è¹ï¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº¦^À³ 1993 ¦~¬K¡A¦] Paul Swanson ¼¶¼g¡§ Zen is not Buddhism: Recent Japanese Critiques of Buddha ¡V Nature ¡¨¡]ÁI¤£¬O¦ò±Ð -- ¤é¥»³Ìªñªº¦ò©Ê§å§P¡^¡A¨Ï±o ¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¦¨¬°°ê»Ú©Êªº½×ÃD¡A¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¤£¦A¥u¬O¤é ¥»°Ï¤ºªº§å§P¦ò±Ð¡A¤]¦¨¬°¦è¤è¾ÇªÌª`·Nªº½×ÂI¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢´ ¡^¦]¦Ó¡A¦b 1993 ¦~¬ü°ê©v±Ð¾Ç³N¦~·|¤W¶}ÅP¡u§å ____________________________________________________ 73 ¥X³B¦Pµù 19¡A­¶ 55¡C¥Ñ©ó°ª±Tª½¹D¨Ã¤£Ä@¹ï¡u§å§P¦ò ±Ð¡v¦h°µµªÅG¡A¥Nªí©Ê¸ê®Æ¦³­­¡A¬G¥»¬q¦A¦¸Âà¿ý§f³Í ¤å¡A¡m·í¥N¤é¥»¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¬ã¨s¡G¥H¡u½t°_¡v¡B¡u dhaatu ¡V vaada ¡v¬°¤¤¤ß¤§¬Ù¹î¡n¡A»O¥_¡G¬Fªv¤j¾Ç ­õ¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¡]«ü¾É±Ð±Â¡GªLÂí°ê¡^¡A1995¡A­¶ 101 ¡V 102¡C¬ÛÃö¤åÄm½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¡G°ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡m¦p¨ÓÂëä·Q. ¢º¡n ¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1989¡C¡]¡q¸Ñ»¡¡r¡A­¶ 372 ¡V 376¡C ¡^ 74 °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q§ïª©ÇR·íÇJÇM¡r¡A¡m¼W¸É·sª©¦ò©ÊÇOÇV¦ó Æñ¡n¡A¨Ê³£¡GªkÂÃÀ]¡A1997¡C °ª±Tª½¹D¡A¡q³Ìªñ¤Q¦~ÇU¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð¾Ç¡n¡A²Ä¤T ¤Q¤»¸¹¡AªF¨Ê¡G¦ò±Ð«ä·Q¾Ç·|¡A1994¡A­¶ 1 ¡V 18¡C Takasaki Jikido, ¡§ Thoughts on Dhaatu ¡V vaada and Recent Trends in Buddhist Studies, ¡¨ Pruning the Bodhi Tree: the Storm over Critical Buddhism, Jamie Hubbard and Paul Swanson ed., Honolulu: University of Hawai ¡¦ i Press, 1997, p. 314 ¡V 320. ¦p«eµù©Ò­z¡A°ª±Tª½¹D¹ï«á½úªº½×»¡¨Ã¤£Ä@¦A§@¶i¤@¨B ªºµªÅG¡A¬O¥H¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸û¤Ö¡A¬G¯à¤Þ¥Îªº¤å³¹¦³­­¡A¦] ¦Ó¦A¦¸¤Þ¥Î¥»¬q¡C 75 Swanson, Paul ªº¡§ Zen is not Buddhism: Recent Japanese Critiques of Buddha ¡V Nature, ¡¨ Numen,vol.40, no.2, May 1993, p.115 ¡V 49¡C ­¶ 276 §P¦ò±Ð¡vªº±MÃD°Q½×¡A¦p Yamabe, Nobuyoshi ¡]¤s³¡¯à©y ¡^¡§ The Critique of 'Dhaatu ¡V vaada' in Critical Buddhism ¡¨¡ASteven.Heine ªº¡§ Critical Buddhism and the Debate Concerning the 75 ¡V fascicle and the 12 ¡V fascicle Shobogenso texts ¡¨¡AJamie Hubbard ªº¡§ A Critical Appraisal of Critical Buddhism ¡¨¤Î Dan. Lusthaus ªº¡§ Critical Buddhism: Returning to the Sources ¡¨µ¥¦³Ãö¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº­^¤å¤å³¹´£¥X¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢µ ¡^ 1995 ¦~ David Seyfort Ruegg ªº¡§ Some Reflectios on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism ¡¨¡A»{¬° Paul Swanson ±N¦p¨ÓÂ꺡uÂá]garbha¡^¡v¦r¸Ñ ÄÀ¬°¡u­LÂá]womb¡^¡v¨Ã¤£«ê·í¡A¦]¬° Seyfort Reugg »{ ¬°¨ä¦b±ë¤å©ÎÂä夤¨ÃµL¹ïµ¥©ó¡u­LÂávªº¦r¸q¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢¶ ¡^¥Lªº»¡ªk¤Þ°_¦h¤Hªº°Q½×¡A¦]¬°¦bº~¤å©ÎªF¨È¦ò±Ð¹ï¦p¨Ó Âæ³­LÂøq¡A¨Ã¤£­¯¥Í¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦b¡m¦p¨ÓÂøg¡n³£¦³¡u³h¤kÃh ¸t­L¡vªºÄ´³ë¡A¬O¥H Seyfort Ruegg ªº»¡ªk¤Þ°_º~¤å¦ò¾Ç ªÌ¬Û·íªºª`·N»P°jÅT¡C 1996 ¦~¦b»OÆW°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾ÇÁ|¿ì¡u²Ä¤T©¡°ê»Ú¨È¬w­õ ¾Ç»P©v±Ð¾Ç·|¦~·|¡v¡A¨ä¤¤ªº¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v³õ¦¸¡]The Critical Buddhism Panel¡^¥ÑÄÀ«í²M¥D«ù¡A ____________________________________________________ 76 Heine, Steven. ¡§ Critical Buddhism and the Debate Concerning the 75 ¡V fascicle and the 12 ¡V fascicle Shobogenso texts, ¡¨ Panel Paper on ¡§ Critical Buddhism (Hihan Bukkyo) : Issues and Responses to a New Methodological movement ¡¨, delivered at the AAR Conference on November 1993. Hubbard, Jamie. ¡§ A Critical Appraisal of Critical Buddhism, ¡¨ Panel Paper on ¡§ Critical Buddhism (Hihan Bukkyo): Issues and Responses to a New Methodological movement ¡¨, delivered at the AAR Conference on November 1993. Lusthaus, Dan. ¡§ Critical Buddhism: Returning to the Sources, ¡¨ Panel Paper on ¡§ Critical Buddhism (Hihan Bukkyo): Issues and Responses to a New Methodological movement ¡¨, delivered at the AAR Conference on November 1993. Yamabe, Nobuyoshi. ¡]¤s³¡¯à©y¡^¡§ The Critique of 'Dhaatu ¡V vaada' in Crtitial Buddhism, ¡¨ Panel Paper on ¡§ Critical Buddhism (Hihan Bukkyo) : Issues and Responses to a New Methodological movement ¡¨, delivered at the AAR Conference on November 1993. 77 Seyfort Ruegg, David. ¡§ Some Reflectios on the Place of Philosophy in the Study of Buddhism. ¡¨ Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 18/2, 1995, p.145 ¡V 181. Paul Swanson ¹ï Seyfort Ruegg ªºµªÅG ¡A½Ð°Ñ¦Ò¨ä½sµÛ¤§ Pruning the Bodhi Tree: the Storm over Critical Buddhism, p.407¡C ­¶ 277 ªLÂí°ê»PªQ¥»¥v®Ô´£¥X½×¤å¡APaul Swanson Á¿µû¡C©ó·|¤¤ ¡AªQ¥»¥v®Ô±N¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡vªº°_¦]¡B¹Lµ{¡B¥L»P¨ä¥L¡u§å§P ¦ò±Ð¡v¾ÇªÌ½×ÂI¤§²§¦Pµ¥§@¸Ô²Óªº¸Ñ»¡¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢·¡^ 1997 ¦~¥Ñ Jamie Hubbard ©M Paul Swanson ½s¿è¥Xª© ªº Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm over Critical Buddhism¡A¦¹®Ñ¥i»¡¬O®Ú¾Ú¾ú¦~¨Ó»P¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¦³Ãöªº¤å ³¹¦¬¶°¦¨¥Uªº¡A¤À¬°¡u§å§P¦ò±Ðªº¦]¥Ñ¡v¡B¡u°l´M¯u¦ò±Ð¡v ¤Î¡uªÀ·|§å§P¡v¤T³¡¤À°Q½×¤§¡A¥»®Ñ¨Ã¥]§t·í¥N¤Q¤­¦ì§@ªÌ ªº¤G¤Q¤G½g§å§P»PµªÅG¤å³¹¡A¥i»¡¬O¹ïªñ¥Nªº¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v °µ¤@Á`¦^ÅU¡C¡]ª`¢¶¢¸¡^ ¤C¡B·í¥N¤¤°ê¦p¨ÓÂþDz¤¶»P®i±æ ¤£¦P©ó¼Ú¬ü¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¡A¤¤°êªº¦p¨ÓÂþǦۦò±Ð¶Ç¤J¤¤°ê «á¡A§Y¶}©l¿Ä¨ü¥~¨Óªº±Ð»¡©ó¤¤°ê¥»¤g¶Ç©Ó¤¤¡A¤]¦]¦¹¶}©l ¦³¦UºØª§½×¡C±q«n¥_´Â¡u¥»¦³¡B©l¦³¡vªºª§½×¡AªÇ¹D¥Íªº¡u ÄÄ´£¦¨¦ò»¡¡v¡B¤»´Âªº¡u¦ò©Ê½Ñ»¡¡v¡A¶¦²b¼v¼z»·ªº¡u²z¤ß ¦ò©Ê»¡¡v¡B¶¦¤Ñ¥x´¼óªªº¡u¤T¦]¦ò©Ê»¡¡v¡B¶¦¹Å²»¦NÂ꺡u ¤­ºØ¦ò©Ê»¡¡v¡B­ðÆF¼íªº¡u¤Q¥|ªù¸q¡v¡B­ð·O®¦¿s°òªº¡u²z ¦ò©Ê»¡¡v¡B­ðªkÄ_ªº¡u¤@­¼¦ò©Ê¨s³º½×¡v¡B­ð¼zªhªº¡u¯àÅã ¤¤Ãä¼z¤é½×¡v¤Î­ð½å­ºªkÂ꺡u¬ù¦ì¤­©Ê»¡¡vµ¥¡A¬Æ¦Üªk¬Û °ßÃÑ©vªº¡u¤@¤ÀµL©Ê¡v¡A¤Ñ¥x»PµØÄYªº¡u©Ê¨ã¡B©Ê°_¡v±Ð»¡ ¡A¤¤°êÁIªº¡u§Y¤ß§Y¦ò¡v¡B¡uµL±¡¦³©Ê¡vµ¥¡A¬Ò¬O¦p¨ÓÂÃ¾Ç ¦b¤¤°ê ____________________________________________________ 78 Matsumoto, Shiro. ¡]ªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡^¡§ Critique of Tathagatagarbha Thought in Buddhist Philosophy. ¡¨ Panel papaer on ¡§ The Critical Buddhism ¡¨, delivered at The Third Annual Meeting of the International Association for Asian Philosophy and Religion ¡]²Ä¤T©¡°ê»Ú¨È¬w­õ¾Ç»P©v±Ð¾Ç·|¦~·| ¡^¡A»O¥_¡G°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¡A1996¡C 79 Hubbard, Jamie and Swanson, Paul ed. Pruning the Bodhi Tree : the Storm over Critical Buddhism , Honolulu : University of Hawai¡¦i Press , 1997. ¥»®Ñ¥]§t¦³Peter Gregory , Paul Griffiths , Ruben Habito , Steven Heine , Jamie Hubbard , Saillie King, Dan Lusthaus, Paul Swanson, ¤Î¤s¤f·ç»ñ¡B¤s ³¡¯à©y¡B¥½¤ì¤å¬ü¤h¡BªQ¥»¥v®Ô¡BúC¨¦¾Ë¬L¡B°ª±Tª½¹D »PªLÂí°êµ¥§@ªÌªº§@«~¡C ­¶ 278 ºt¤ÆªººØºØ±Ð»¡¡A³o¨Çºt¤Æ±qº~ÃQ«n¥_´Â¤@ª½«ùÄò¦Ü²M¥½¡C ¦Ü²M¥úºü¦~¶¡¡A·¨¤å·|¶Ç¤¶¼Ú¬w»P¤é¥»ªº¦ò¾Ç¤åÄm¤Î¬ã ¨s¤èªk¦^°ê¡A©l¦¨¬°¶}±Ò¤¤°êªñ¥N¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¤§Æ_¡C²M¥½¥Áªì ¡A¸g¥Ñ¤Óµê¤j®v¡B¼Ú¶§³ºµLµ¥¤Hªº§V¤O¡A¤¤°ê¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã ¨s©l¦³¤F·sªº¤è¦V¡C¤×¨ä¬O¥Á°êªì´Á¡AªZ©÷¦ò¾Ç°|¡B»Ô«n¦ò ¾Ç°|»P¤ä¨º¤º¾Ç°|¶¡¡A¦h¦¸´N¦p¨ÓÂûP°ßÃѪº½×½Ø¡A¨Ï±o¤¤ °ê¦p¨ÓÂþǬã¨s¦³¤F·sªº§å§P»Pµo®i¡C¦p¼Ú¶§³ºµL¦b¡q°ßÃÑ §à¾Ü½Í¡r¥H°ßÃѾǪº½×ÂI§å§P¦p¨ÓÂû¡¡A¦Ó¤Óµê¤j®v«h¦b¡q ¦òªkÁ`§à¾Ü½Í¡r½T¥ß¦p¨ÓÂëä·Qªº¦a¦ì¡A¶i¦Ó¦L¶¶¾É®vªº¡m ¦L«×¤§¦ò±Ð¡n»P§fæJªº¡q°_«H»P·«¦÷¡rµ¥¤å¤¤¡A«h¹ï¦p¨ÓÂà ¾Çªº©w¦ì»P§å§P¦³¶i¤@¨Bªº±´°Q¡C ¥Á°ê¤T¤Q¤K¦~¤§«á¡A¦p¨ÓÂþǪº¬ã¨s¦b»OÆW»P¤j³°¶}©l ¦³¤F¤À³¥¡C»OÆW¦p¨ÓÂþǪºµo®i¡A¦³¦L¶¶¾É®vªº¡m¦p¨ÓÂä§ 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ÄÀ«í²MÃö©ó¦p¨ÓÂÃ/¦ò©ÊªºµÛ§@¡G ¡§ The Significance of Tathagatagarbha: A Positive Expression of Sunyata ¡]½×¦p¨ÓÂä§ªÅ©Ê ¸q¡^¡¨, Philosophical Review, vol. 11, 1988, p.227 ¡V 246. ¡q¤j­¼°_«H½×ªº¤ß©Ê½×¡r¡A¡m­õ¾Ç½×µû¡n¡A12 ´Á¡A 1989¡A­¶ 233 ¡V 255¡C ¡q¤j­¼°_«H½×ªº¤ß©Ê½×¡r¡A¡m¤º©ú¡n¡A212 ´Á¡A­»´ä·s ¬É¡G¤º©úÂø»xªÀ¡A1989¡A­¶ 3 ¡V 15¡C ¡§ The Theory of Evil in Buddha ¡V Nature ¡]´¼óª ªº©Ê´c»¡¡^¡¨, Philosophical Review, vol.13, 1990, p.333 ¡V 362. ¡§ Tien ¡V T'ai: Chih ¡V I's Theory of Buddha Nature-- A Realistic and Humanistic Understanding of the Buddha ¡¨, Buddha Nature, edited by Paul Griffiths and John Keenan, Tokyo: Buddhist Books International 1990, p.153 ¡V 169. ¡qªì­ð¦ò©Ê½×½Ø -- ÆF¼í»P¯«®õ¬°¥D¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ðªº«ä·Q »P¤å¤Æ -- ¦L¶¶¾É®v¤K¯´®Ê¤»¹Ø¼y½×¤å¶°¡n¡A»O¥_¡Gªk ¥ú¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1991¡A­¶ 17 ¡V 34¡C ¡q¦ò©Ê½×¬ã¨s¡r¡A¡m¤¤¦L¦ò¾Çªx½× -- ³Å°¶¾±±Ð±Â¤»¤Q ¤j¹Ø¯¬¹Ø½×¤å¶°¡n¡A»O¥_¡GªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A1993¡A­¶ 45 ¡V 100¡C ¡qÄ_©Ê½×¤§¬ã¨s¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð«ä·Qªº¶Ç©Ó»Pµo®i -- ¦L¶¶ ¾É®v¤E¯´µØ½Ï¯¬¹Ø¤å¶°¡n¡A»O¥_¡GªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A1995¡A­¶ 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____________________________________________________ ¡m¦ò©Ê«ä·Q¡n¡A»O¥_¡GªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A1997¡C ¨ä¥L©|¦³¦h¦ì¾ÇªÌ¡A¦]½g´TÃö«Y¥Ø«eµLªk¤@¤@¤¶²Ð¡A±N ¥t¤å±´°Q¡C 84 ¦b»OÆW¡A«h¦³ªLÂí°ê¤Î¨ä¾Ç¥Í§f³Í¤å¹ï¦¹¨Æ¥óªº³ø¾É»P ¬ã¨s¡AªLÂí°ê§ó¶i¤@¨B¹ï¤¤°êªº§å§P¦ò±Ð¦³©Òµû¤¶¡C§f ³Í¤åªººÓ¤h½×¤å¡m·í¥N¤é¥»¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v¬ã¨s¡G¥H¡u½t °_¡v ¡B¡u dhatu ¡V vada ¡v¬°¤¤¤ß¤§¬Ù¹î¡n¡A¤å¤¤¹ï ¤é¥»§å§P¦ò±Ð¦³¸Ô²Óªº»¡©ú»P¤¶²Ð¡C ªLÂí°ê¦³Ãö§å§P¦ò±ÐªºµÛ§@¦p¤U: ªLÂí°ê¡A¡q¦ò±Ð­õ¾Ç¥i¥H¬O¤@ºØ§å§P­õ¾Ç¶Ü¡H-- ²{¥N ªF¨È¡u§å§P¦ò±Ð¡v«ä¼éªº«ä·Q¥v¬Ù¹î¡r¡A¡m¦ò±Ð«ä·Qªº ¶Ç©Ó»Pµo®i -- ¦L¶¶¾É®v¤E¯´µØ½Ï¯¬¹Ø¤å¶°¡n¡A»O¥_¡G ªF¤j¹Ï®Ñ¡A1995¡A­¶ 599 ¡V 619¡C¨ä¥L¬ÛÃöµÛ§@¡G Lin Chen ¡V kuo, ¡§ A Tale of Two Buddhisms: Metaphysics, Suffering and Modernity. ¡¨ Panel papaer on ¡§ The Critical Buddhism ¡¨, delivered at The Third Annual Meeting of the International Association for Asian Philosophy and Religion ¡] ²Ä¤T©¡°ê»Ú¨È¬w­õ¾Ç»P©v±Ð¾Ç·|¦~·|¡^¡A»O¥_¡G°ê¥ß¬F ªv¤j¾Ç¡A1996¡C Lin Chen ¡V kuo, ¡§ Metaphysics, Suffering, and Liberation: The Debate between Two Buddhisms, ¡¨ Pruning the Bodhi Tree: the Storm over Critical Buddhism, Jamie Hubbard and Paul Swanson ed., Honolulu: University of Hawai ¡¦ i Press, 1997, p.298 ¡V 313.